Human Biology
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| Hormones | chemical signals made in the body that travel throught the blood stream to target cells
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| Target Cells | Any cell that has receptors for the hormone.
Bone cells, immune cells, heart cells, etc.
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| How do hormones work? | Increase activity.
Decrease activity.
All for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis.
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| Steroid Hormones | derived from cholesterol. Influences genes.
Diffuse through the cell membrane.
Long-term effects.
Examples: Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisol
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| Peptide Hormones | derived from proteins. Influences chemicals.
Requires receptors.
Short-term effects.
Examples: ADH, ACTH, GH, GHRH, INS, OXT
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| Hypothalamus | Control Center of the Endocrine System.
Where it all begins.
“Releasing Hormones”.
Releasing hormones influence the anterior pituitary.
Have neurons that extend to the posterior pituitary.
Modulated through negative feedback
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| Pituitary | Receives input from the hypothalamus.
Releases “stimulating” hormones to hormone-producing centers of the body.
Releases hormones directly into the cardiovascular system.
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| Anterior Pituitary | hormone producing cells.
“FLAT PiG”
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Lutenizing Hormone (LH).
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Prolactin (Pro)
Growth Hormone (GH)
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| Posterior Pituitary | terminals from hypothalamic neurons. Stores and releases hormones.
Oxytocin.
ADH
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| Adrenal Glands | Receive the ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Produces Cortisol.
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| Cortex (Adrenal Glands) | Necessary for life.
Maintains routine homeostasis.
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| Medulla (Adrenal Glands) | Not necessary for life.
Maintains crisis homeostasis.
Epinephrine.
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| Stress | Disrupt metabolism due to physical or psychological stimuli.
Acute stress (like an exam): managed by adrenal medulla.
Chronic: Elevation of ACTH
Cortisol levels high: more blood glucose. Immune system compromised.
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| Thyroid Gland | Produces Thyroid Hormone.
Influences metabolism.
Requires Iodine
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| HYPOthyroidism | loss of thyroid hormone, decrease metabolism rate
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| HYPERthyroidism | too much thyroid hormone, increase metabolism rate.
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| Parathyroid Gland | Located on thyroid.
Calcium homeostasis.
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Increases blood Ca
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| Calcitonin | Decreases blood Ca
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| Exocrine (Pancreas) | Digestion: remember enzymes (zymogens), bicarbonate ions.
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| Endocrine | Blood sugar regulation
Beta cells: Insulin: lowers blood glucose.
Alpha cells: Glucagon: raises blood glucose.
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| Type 1 Diabetes | Autoimmune disease.
Immune system attacks insulin producing cells.
No insulin is produced.
Requires blood monitoring and insulin injections.
Causes:
Genetic.
Triggered by infection.
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| Type 2 Diabetes | Associated with lifestyle.
Linked to obesity and physical inactivity.
Insulin is produced, but cells are no longer sensitive = increase blood sugar.
Decrease insulin sensitivity
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| Type 2 Diabetes Causes | Genetic, Lifestyle
Requires blood monitoring and lifestyle changes.
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| Cushing’s Syndrome | High levels of cortisol.
Pituitary tumor: too much ACTH, too much cortisol.
Rapid weight gain.
Moodiness, irritability, depression.
Muscle, bone weakness.
Memory and attention dysfunction.
Hypertension.
Immune suppression.
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| Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Pituitary tumor.
Heart complications.
Bone injuries.
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| Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease) | Enlarged thyroid (could be prone to sleep apnea).
Weight loss despite increased appetite.
Diarrhea
Heart complications
Irritability.
Exophthalmos (eyes bulging)
Autoimmune
Target TSH cells.
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| Hypothyroidism | Loss of thyroid gland:
Lack of iodine in the diet OR Autoimmune.
Mental retardation
Sluggishness.
Cold intolerance.
Obesity
Constipation.
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| Vasectomy | Male sterilization/ permanent birth control.
Vas deferens are severed and then tied/sealed to prevent sperm from entering the seminal stream.
Prevent fertilization.
Out patient procedure.
“Snip Snap”
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| Birth Control | Condoms: prevent sperm from entering female reproductive tract.
Birth control pills: synthetic estrogens and progesterones. Blocks maturation and oocyte ovulation.
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| STDs | Infect:
Genitals
Urinary Tract
Eyes
Throat
Can result in infertility/sterility.
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| STD Types | Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis:
Treated with antibiotics.
Herpes:
Viral infection.
Cycles of outbreaks and remission.
Life long. No cure, only suppression.
Caesarian section for deliveries.
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| Endometrium | (the lining inside the uterus) grows outside the uterus.
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| Endometriosis | Involves ovaries, bowels, or tissue lining the pelvis.
Symptoms:
Painful periods (dysmenorrhea).
Pain with intercourse.
Pain with bowel movements or urination.
Excessive bleeding.
Infertility.
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| Cancers | Uterine or cervical cancer:
Detected through pap smear.
Identify HPV
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