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Human Bio Final
Human Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hormones | chemical signals made in the body that travel throught the blood stream to target cells |
| Target Cells | Any cell that has receptors for the hormone. Bone cells, immune cells, heart cells, etc. |
| How do hormones work? | Increase activity. Decrease activity. All for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis. |
| Steroid Hormones | derived from cholesterol. Influences genes. Diffuse through the cell membrane. Long-term effects. Examples: Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisol |
| Peptide Hormones | derived from proteins. Influences chemicals. Requires receptors. Short-term effects. Examples: ADH, ACTH, GH, GHRH, INS, OXT |
| Hypothalamus | Control Center of the Endocrine System. Where it all begins. “Releasing Hormones”. Releasing hormones influence the anterior pituitary. Have neurons that extend to the posterior pituitary. Modulated through negative feedback |
| Pituitary | Receives input from the hypothalamus. Releases “stimulating” hormones to hormone-producing centers of the body. Releases hormones directly into the cardiovascular system. |
| Anterior Pituitary | hormone producing cells. “FLAT PiG” Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Lutenizing Hormone (LH). Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Prolactin (Pro) Growth Hormone (GH) |
| Posterior Pituitary | terminals from hypothalamic neurons. Stores and releases hormones. Oxytocin. ADH |
| Adrenal Glands | Receive the ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Produces Cortisol. |
| Cortex (Adrenal Glands) | Necessary for life. Maintains routine homeostasis. |
| Medulla (Adrenal Glands) | Not necessary for life. Maintains crisis homeostasis. Epinephrine. |
| Stress | Disrupt metabolism due to physical or psychological stimuli. Acute stress (like an exam): managed by adrenal medulla. Chronic: Elevation of ACTH Cortisol levels high: more blood glucose. Immune system compromised. |
| Thyroid Gland | Produces Thyroid Hormone. Influences metabolism. Requires Iodine |
| HYPOthyroidism | loss of thyroid hormone, decrease metabolism rate |
| HYPERthyroidism | too much thyroid hormone, increase metabolism rate. |
| Parathyroid Gland | Located on thyroid. Calcium homeostasis. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Increases blood Ca |
| Calcitonin | Decreases blood Ca |
| Exocrine (Pancreas) | Digestion: remember enzymes (zymogens), bicarbonate ions. |
| Endocrine | Blood sugar regulation Beta cells: Insulin: lowers blood glucose. Alpha cells: Glucagon: raises blood glucose. |
| Type 1 Diabetes | Autoimmune disease. Immune system attacks insulin producing cells. No insulin is produced. Requires blood monitoring and insulin injections. Causes: Genetic. Triggered by infection. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Associated with lifestyle. Linked to obesity and physical inactivity. Insulin is produced, but cells are no longer sensitive = increase blood sugar. Decrease insulin sensitivity |
| Type 2 Diabetes Causes | Genetic, Lifestyle Requires blood monitoring and lifestyle changes. |
| Cushing’s Syndrome | High levels of cortisol. Pituitary tumor: too much ACTH, too much cortisol. Rapid weight gain. Moodiness, irritability, depression. Muscle, bone weakness. Memory and attention dysfunction. Hypertension. Immune suppression. |
| Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone. Pituitary tumor. Heart complications. Bone injuries. |
| Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease) | Enlarged thyroid (could be prone to sleep apnea). Weight loss despite increased appetite. Diarrhea Heart complications Irritability. Exophthalmos (eyes bulging) Autoimmune Target TSH cells. |
| Hypothyroidism | Loss of thyroid gland: Lack of iodine in the diet OR Autoimmune. Mental retardation Sluggishness. Cold intolerance. Obesity Constipation. |
| Vasectomy | Male sterilization/ permanent birth control. Vas deferens are severed and then tied/sealed to prevent sperm from entering the seminal stream. Prevent fertilization. Out patient procedure. “Snip Snap” |
| Birth Control | Condoms: prevent sperm from entering female reproductive tract. Birth control pills: synthetic estrogens and progesterones. Blocks maturation and oocyte ovulation. |
| STDs | Infect: Genitals Urinary Tract Eyes Throat Can result in infertility/sterility. |
| STD Types | Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis: Treated with antibiotics. Herpes: Viral infection. Cycles of outbreaks and remission. Life long. No cure, only suppression. Caesarian section for deliveries. |
| Endometrium | (the lining inside the uterus) grows outside the uterus. |
| Endometriosis | Involves ovaries, bowels, or tissue lining the pelvis. Symptoms: Painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Pain with intercourse. Pain with bowel movements or urination. Excessive bleeding. Infertility. |
| Cancers | Uterine or cervical cancer: Detected through pap smear. Identify HPV |
Created by:
kaylaweiss
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