BZ 310- Final
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| Anterograde secretory pathway | secretion or to the vacuole
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| Retrograde secretory pathway | endocytosis
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| Smooth ER functions (3) | detoxification (cytochrome P450), steroid hormone synthesis, Ca2+ storage
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| Rough ER functions (4) | secretory protein synthesis/uptake, N-linked glycosylation, secretory protein folding, phospholipid synthesis
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| What does cytochrome P450 do? | oxidizes harmful hydrophobic molecules
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| Cystic fibrosis | malfunctioning ER functions
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| Nascent polypeptide | Asn-X-Ser/Thr; core oligosaccharide attached to this, then 3 glucose later removed
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| O-liked glycosylation | rare; usually n-linked
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| Enzymes that remove glucose from core oligosaccharide | glucosidase (I and II)
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| ER quality control | final glucose only removed when protein is folded correctly
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| Functions of glycosylation (6) | enzyme folding, quality control, sorting, enzyme functionality, recognition at cell surface, protection at cell surface
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| Functions of Golgi (4) | protein sorting, modification of N-linked sugar groups, O-linked glycosylation, formation of some cell wall components
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| How were the secretory mutants found in yeast? | mutants sunk after centrifugation
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| Class I mutants | defect in ER translocation
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| Class II mutants | defect in vesicle budding from ER
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| Class III | defect in fusion with Golgi
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| Class IV | defect in budding from Golgi
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| Class V | defect in fusion with plasma membrane
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| Two major processes in secretory pathway | coat protein mediated budding & SNARE receptor mediated vesicle docking and fusion
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| Clathrin | involved in receptor mediated endocytosis and transport to endosomes/lysosomes
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| COP II and COP I | golgi==>ER
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| Rab | a small GTPase needed to prime a vesicle
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| Transport to lysosome/plasma membrane depends on what? | mannose 6-P
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| Polarized cells (4) | epithelia, neurons, fibroblasts, T-cells
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| Two types of exocytosis | constitutive and regulated
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| V-snares/T-snares | mediate secretion by promoting vesicle docking and fusion
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| Female meiosis | only keep 1 cell in meiosis 1, only keep 1 at meiosis II (right before fertilization)
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| G1 | 1 chromosome = 1 chromatid = 1 DNA
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| G2 | 1 chromosome= 2 chromatids= 2 DNAs
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| Interphase | GI, S, G2
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| 14.11 |
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| SERIOUSLY 14.11 all of the chromosome shit |
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| Astral spindle MTs | connect to periphery
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| Polar spindle MTs | space spindle poles relative to each other
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| Kinetochore spindle MTs | catch chromosome, connect to kinetochore
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| Metaphase | chromosomes in center of cell
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| Anaphase | chromatids separate
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| Telophase | chromosomes de-condense, nucleus reforms
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| Most important control point in cell division | START (between G1 and S)
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| What is checked at START? (3) | cell size, DNA intactness, nutrient availability
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| G0 | cells enter this when don’t need to divide; must enter G1 to divide again
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| CdK | cyclin dependent kinase; each checkpoint has its own
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| Cyclin | proteins that vary in concentration over the cell cycle
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| Example of cyclin and cdk pair | MPF (mitosis promoting factor); conserved
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| 2 main regulatory mechanisms of cell cycle | phosphorylation (reversible), degradation of cyclins (irreversible)
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| p53 | checks for DNA damage at start and G2-M transitions; transcription factor for cyclin inhibiting protein (=cell cycle arrest)
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| which 2 cell wall components are secreted and more soluble? | pectin and hemicellulose
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| which 2 cell wall components are synthesized in place? | cellulose and lignin *make up most biomass on earth
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| ___ connect the cytoplasm of plant cells | plasmodesmata
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| proteins in connective tissue are secreted by | fibroblasts
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| proteoglycans function | cushioning
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| collagen | vitamin c dependent, stretching resistance
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| 4 types of cell-cell connections | adherens, gap, tight, desmosome
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| gap junctions | 2x6 connexins= connexon (allow signaling like cAMP thru)
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| receptor connection to actin | contraction, crawling
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| receptor connection to IFs | stretching resistance
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| 4 main cell surface receptor types | cadherin, CAM, integrin, selectin
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| adherins junctions | connect cells to cells, Ca2+ dependent
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| two cell connections not associated with cytoskeleton | CAMs and selectins
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| CAMs | Ig like, tissue specific (cell adhesion molecule)
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| Selectins | recruitment of WBCs to infection site (example)
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| 3 cell connections associated w/ cytoskeleton | integrins, hemidesmosomes, focal contacts
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| integrins | connected to actin, important in cancer biology/infection
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| hemidesmosomes | connected to IFs, keratin
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| 4 signal sending ways | autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, direct contact w/ cell receptors
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| 3 main cell receptor types in membrane | ligand gated, GPCR, tyrosine kinase
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| 3 major mechanisms of signal transduction | phosphorylation/de, second messengers, GTP switches
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| 3 types of second messengers | cAMP, phosphatidyl inositol derived, Ca2+
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| cAMP signaling | hunger/stress signals
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| PI 2nd messengers | IP3 (Ca2+ from ER), DAG (activates PKC), PIP3 (activates PKB)
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| Ca2+ 2nd messenger | activates calmodulin, troponin, etc.
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| All second messengers | readily available source, removed quickly
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| Well known for short term responses | GPCR
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| Well known for long term responses | tyrosine kinase
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| PLC -> | IP3 + DAG
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| Adenylyl cyclase -> | cAMP
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| Gluconeogenesis cAMP example | CREBP binds to CRE (cyclic amp response element)
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| Two different types of g proteins | Gs (stimulate), Gi (inhibit)
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| Cholera toxin | modifies Gs to cannot hydrolyze GTP, efflux of ions= diarrhea
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| Multiple second messengers example | inositol metabolites can raise intracellular Ca2+ and activate PKC (smooth muscle contraction)
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| 4 major off-switching mechanisms | GTP hydrolysis, cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase, Ca2+ pumped, phosphatases
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| Ras | small GTP binding protein that functions as an on and off switch (MAPKKK)
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| EGF signaling | RTK activity, c-fos/c-jun= TFs and proto-oncogenes
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| How cells know which cell to be | transient activation of enhancer, protein expressed, positive feedback loop
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| Principle of apoptosis | conserved; regulated activation of proteases called capases (zymogen)
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| Cancers from mesodermal origin | leukemia, lymphoma, CNS, retinoblastoma, sarcomas
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| Characteristics of cancer cells (8) | grow in clumps, altered growth factor response, invasion of other tissues, altered karyotypes, immortal, altered cytoskeleton, altered receptors, less adhesive/more motile
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| 8 types of proteins that control cell growth | growth factors, growth factor receptors, signaling cascade, cyclin dependent kinases/cyclins, protein kinases, chromatin proteins, transcription factors, proteins in apoptosis
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| tumor suppressors | need to both be mutated (recessive); p53
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| oncogenes | dominant, Ras
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| retrovirus and cancer | can pick up a proto-oncogene and make it an oncogene
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| DNA virus and cancer | interferes with normal replication controls
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| 3 immune layers of defense | mechanical/chemical, innate, acquired
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| innate responses (4) | inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, complement
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| humoral immunity | B cells -> antibodies, maturation in bone marrow, bursa in birds
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| cellular immunity | cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells; maturation in thymus
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| IgG | main blood antibody; complement activation
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| IgM | B-cell antigen receptor or in blood; activates complement (before IgG)
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| IgA | in secretions, dimer
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| IgD | B-cell activation
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| IgE | parasites, allergies
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| 3 mechanisms of antibody diversity | combine light + heavy chain, imprecise joining, hypermutation
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| CD8 |
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| CD4 |
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| MHC I | all cells (pairs w/ CD8)
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| MHC II | professional antigen presenting cells (pairs w/ CD4)
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| MHC I peptide binding domain same structure as | HSP 70 (form fits function)
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| Tc kill what? | all cells that present a foreign protein
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| Coordination of immune response by Th cells | get out of G0 upon activation, stimulate B cells that display antigen on MHC II, then they get out of G0 (positive feedback)
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| Negative selection | cells with strong recognition of self MHC (or cells with very weak recognition of MHC) -> cells killed (auto-immune)
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