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BZ 310- Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anterograde secretory pathway | secretion or to the vacuole |
| Retrograde secretory pathway | endocytosis |
| Smooth ER functions (3) | detoxification (cytochrome P450), steroid hormone synthesis, Ca2+ storage |
| Rough ER functions (4) | secretory protein synthesis/uptake, N-linked glycosylation, secretory protein folding, phospholipid synthesis |
| What does cytochrome P450 do? | oxidizes harmful hydrophobic molecules |
| Cystic fibrosis | malfunctioning ER functions |
| Nascent polypeptide | Asn-X-Ser/Thr; core oligosaccharide attached to this, then 3 glucose later removed |
| O-liked glycosylation | rare; usually n-linked |
| Enzymes that remove glucose from core oligosaccharide | glucosidase (I and II) |
| ER quality control | final glucose only removed when protein is folded correctly |
| Functions of glycosylation (6) | enzyme folding, quality control, sorting, enzyme functionality, recognition at cell surface, protection at cell surface |
| Functions of Golgi (4) | protein sorting, modification of N-linked sugar groups, O-linked glycosylation, formation of some cell wall components |
| How were the secretory mutants found in yeast? | mutants sunk after centrifugation |
| Class I mutants | defect in ER translocation |
| Class II mutants | defect in vesicle budding from ER |
| Class III | defect in fusion with Golgi |
| Class IV | defect in budding from Golgi |
| Class V | defect in fusion with plasma membrane |
| Two major processes in secretory pathway | coat protein mediated budding & SNARE receptor mediated vesicle docking and fusion |
| Clathrin | involved in receptor mediated endocytosis and transport to endosomes/lysosomes |
| COP II and COP I | golgi==>ER |
| Rab | a small GTPase needed to prime a vesicle |
| Transport to lysosome/plasma membrane depends on what? | mannose 6-P |
| Polarized cells (4) | epithelia, neurons, fibroblasts, T-cells |
| Two types of exocytosis | constitutive and regulated |
| V-snares/T-snares | mediate secretion by promoting vesicle docking and fusion |
| Female meiosis | only keep 1 cell in meiosis 1, only keep 1 at meiosis II (right before fertilization) |
| G1 | 1 chromosome = 1 chromatid = 1 DNA |
| G2 | 1 chromosome= 2 chromatids= 2 DNAs |
| Interphase | GI, S, G2 |
| 14.11 | |
| SERIOUSLY 14.11 all of the chromosome shit | |
| Astral spindle MTs | connect to periphery |
| Polar spindle MTs | space spindle poles relative to each other |
| Kinetochore spindle MTs | catch chromosome, connect to kinetochore |
| Metaphase | chromosomes in center of cell |
| Anaphase | chromatids separate |
| Telophase | chromosomes de-condense, nucleus reforms |
| Most important control point in cell division | START (between G1 and S) |
| What is checked at START? (3) | cell size, DNA intactness, nutrient availability |
| G0 | cells enter this when don’t need to divide; must enter G1 to divide again |
| CdK | cyclin dependent kinase; each checkpoint has its own |
| Cyclin | proteins that vary in concentration over the cell cycle |
| Example of cyclin and cdk pair | MPF (mitosis promoting factor); conserved |
| 2 main regulatory mechanisms of cell cycle | phosphorylation (reversible), degradation of cyclins (irreversible) |
| p53 | checks for DNA damage at start and G2-M transitions; transcription factor for cyclin inhibiting protein (=cell cycle arrest) |
| which 2 cell wall components are secreted and more soluble? | pectin and hemicellulose |
| which 2 cell wall components are synthesized in place? | cellulose and lignin *make up most biomass on earth |
| ___ connect the cytoplasm of plant cells | plasmodesmata |
| proteins in connective tissue are secreted by | fibroblasts |
| proteoglycans function | cushioning |
| collagen | vitamin c dependent, stretching resistance |
| 4 types of cell-cell connections | adherens, gap, tight, desmosome |
| gap junctions | 2x6 connexins= connexon (allow signaling like cAMP thru) |
| receptor connection to actin | contraction, crawling |
| receptor connection to IFs | stretching resistance |
| 4 main cell surface receptor types | cadherin, CAM, integrin, selectin |
| adherins junctions | connect cells to cells, Ca2+ dependent |
| two cell connections not associated with cytoskeleton | CAMs and selectins |
| CAMs | Ig like, tissue specific (cell adhesion molecule) |
| Selectins | recruitment of WBCs to infection site (example) |
| 3 cell connections associated w/ cytoskeleton | integrins, hemidesmosomes, focal contacts |
| integrins | connected to actin, important in cancer biology/infection |
| hemidesmosomes | connected to IFs, keratin |
| 4 signal sending ways | autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, direct contact w/ cell receptors |
| 3 main cell receptor types in membrane | ligand gated, GPCR, tyrosine kinase |
| 3 major mechanisms of signal transduction | phosphorylation/de, second messengers, GTP switches |
| 3 types of second messengers | cAMP, phosphatidyl inositol derived, Ca2+ |
| cAMP signaling | hunger/stress signals |
| PI 2nd messengers | IP3 (Ca2+ from ER), DAG (activates PKC), PIP3 (activates PKB) |
| Ca2+ 2nd messenger | activates calmodulin, troponin, etc. |
| All second messengers | readily available source, removed quickly |
| Well known for short term responses | GPCR |
| Well known for long term responses | tyrosine kinase |
| PLC -> | IP3 + DAG |
| Adenylyl cyclase -> | cAMP |
| Gluconeogenesis cAMP example | CREBP binds to CRE (cyclic amp response element) |
| Two different types of g proteins | Gs (stimulate), Gi (inhibit) |
| Cholera toxin | modifies Gs to cannot hydrolyze GTP, efflux of ions= diarrhea |
| Multiple second messengers example | inositol metabolites can raise intracellular Ca2+ and activate PKC (smooth muscle contraction) |
| 4 major off-switching mechanisms | GTP hydrolysis, cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase, Ca2+ pumped, phosphatases |
| Ras | small GTP binding protein that functions as an on and off switch (MAPKKK) |
| EGF signaling | RTK activity, c-fos/c-jun= TFs and proto-oncogenes |
| How cells know which cell to be | transient activation of enhancer, protein expressed, positive feedback loop |
| Principle of apoptosis | conserved; regulated activation of proteases called capases (zymogen) |
| Cancers from mesodermal origin | leukemia, lymphoma, CNS, retinoblastoma, sarcomas |
| Characteristics of cancer cells (8) | grow in clumps, altered growth factor response, invasion of other tissues, altered karyotypes, immortal, altered cytoskeleton, altered receptors, less adhesive/more motile |
| 8 types of proteins that control cell growth | growth factors, growth factor receptors, signaling cascade, cyclin dependent kinases/cyclins, protein kinases, chromatin proteins, transcription factors, proteins in apoptosis |
| tumor suppressors | need to both be mutated (recessive); p53 |
| oncogenes | dominant, Ras |
| retrovirus and cancer | can pick up a proto-oncogene and make it an oncogene |
| DNA virus and cancer | interferes with normal replication controls |
| 3 immune layers of defense | mechanical/chemical, innate, acquired |
| innate responses (4) | inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, complement |
| humoral immunity | B cells -> antibodies, maturation in bone marrow, bursa in birds |
| cellular immunity | cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells; maturation in thymus |
| IgG | main blood antibody; complement activation |
| IgM | B-cell antigen receptor or in blood; activates complement (before IgG) |
| IgA | in secretions, dimer |
| IgD | B-cell activation |
| IgE | parasites, allergies |
| 3 mechanisms of antibody diversity | combine light + heavy chain, imprecise joining, hypermutation |
| CD8 | |
| CD4 | |
| MHC I | all cells (pairs w/ CD8) |
| MHC II | professional antigen presenting cells (pairs w/ CD4) |
| MHC I peptide binding domain same structure as | HSP 70 (form fits function) |
| Tc kill what? | all cells that present a foreign protein |
| Coordination of immune response by Th cells | get out of G0 upon activation, stimulate B cells that display antigen on MHC II, then they get out of G0 (positive feedback) |
| Negative selection | cells with strong recognition of self MHC (or cells with very weak recognition of MHC) -> cells killed (auto-immune) |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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