Excelsior (TCN)
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| A bacterial process of recombination that requires cell to cell contact is called | conjugation
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| A bacterial process of recombination that involves the uptake of naked DNA is called | transformation
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| Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted by a | mosquito
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| Food poisoning is caused by | Staphylococcus aureus
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| Rheumatic fever is caused by | Streptococcus pyogenes
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| Gas gangrene is caused by | Clostridium perfringes
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| Vaginitis is caused by | candida albicans
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| Anthrax is caused by a | bacterium
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| A disease that has been eradicated is | smallpox
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| The usefulness of penicillin for treating bacterial infections was discovered by | Fleming
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| Proved the germ theory of disease | Koch
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| Who first utilized aseptic technique in hospitals? | Lister
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| A component that is common in prokaryotes but not found in eukaryotes is | peptidoglycan
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| 100 degree centigrade can be tolerated by | bacterial spores
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| Bacterial motility is produced by | flagella
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| A capsule is a virulence factor for | Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| Energy production occurs in the | bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
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| Fungi contain | chitin
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| Capsules are comprised of | polysaccharides
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| Bubonic plague is transmitted by | fleas
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| The most important difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote is the presence of a | nucleus
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| An autotroph is an organism that can use | carbon dioxide as a carbon source
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| A bacterium that grows only in the absence of oxygen is an | obligate anaerobe
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| A organism that grows well at 37 degrees C is a | mesophile
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| Rapid growth of bacteria occurs in the | log phase
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| Preparation of rapid growth occurs in the | lag phase
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| The building blocks for translation are | amino acids
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| The most effective way for bacteria to transfer multiple antibiotic resistance is by | plasmid transfer by conjugation
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| The majority of human pathogens are | mesophiles
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| What causes the reactions of anabolism and catabolism to occur? | enzymes
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| Conjunctivitis in the newborn is often caused by | Chlamydia or Neisserial gonorrhea
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| How do Cyanobacteria obtain their energy? | photosynthesis
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| Spontaneous changes in genes occurs because of | mutagenesis
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| Pasteurization of milk involves heating the milk to temperatures | less than boiling
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| What cell type mediates allergic reactions in the tissues? | mast cell
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| The smallest chemical recognized by an Ab is called a | hapten
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| The genus of the organism that is the cause of a severe intestinal infection is | Vibrio
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| It is most important to obtain an isolated culture from a respiratory infection because an | identification is not otherwise possible
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| The ______ ______ ____ stops genes needed for lactose metabolism from being expressed | lactose repressor protein
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| Pathogenic bacteria often attach to human tissue by means of | fimbriae
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| What component of the bacterial cell wall gives it rigidity? | peptidoglycan
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| The gelatinous contents within the bacterial envelope is called the | cytoplasm
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| The correct morphological term for a rod shaped bacterium is | bacillus
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| Chlamydia cannot live outside a | host cell
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| When bacteria carry out respiration, the electrons finally travel through the electron transport chain to what component? | oxygen
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| The most important cellular organelle in the destruction of a pathogen is the | lysosome
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| What indicates the correct relationship for fungi | molds and hyphae
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| Cyanobacter can fix | nitrogen
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| Basal body, flagellin, hook are parts of | bacterial flagella
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| What produces the greatest amount of energy? | electron transport
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| The most common cause of mononucleosis is | Epstein-Barr virus
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| Viruses are intracellular | parasites
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| Viruses contain a | nucleocapsid
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| Viruses contain either ______ or _____, but never both. | DNA; RNA
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| The protein subunit of which the viral coat is made is the | capsomere
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| The presence of virus particles in blood is called | viremia
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| When bacteriophage becomes lysogenic, it integrates its ______ into the host but does not grow | DNA
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| In the life cycle of a virus, ______ refers to removing the outer layers of the virus | uncoating
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| Syncytia are characterized by __________ giant cells | multinucleated
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| The greatest number of yearly infections is caused by | viruses
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| Chemically, the most abundant part of a living microbe is | water
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| The specific characteristic of heterotrophs is that they obtain carbon from | organic compounds
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| Microbes that require special growth factors are called | fastidious
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| The acquisition of nutrients from the surrounding medium by an energy requiring process is called | active transport
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| An organism that grows at pH 2 would be called an | acidophile
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| What do sulfa drug inhibit? | folic acid synthesis
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| One organism being helped by a second while the second is neither helped nor harmed refers to | symbiosis
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| An appropriate test to measure the number of living bacteria is | viable plate count
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| The most important advantage of solid media over broth is that it allows | specific colonies to be isolated
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| At the end of the log phase, bacteria go into the | stationary phase
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| When rod shaped bacteria are found in chains, the proper prefix to use for morphology is | strepto-
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| What kinds of microbes are observed from water puddles when observed in the light microscope? | all kinds except viruses
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| Concerning the lac operon of E.coli, when the ____ is bound to the ______, the operon is active. | inducer; repressor
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| ______ are inherited from generation to generation | mutations
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| Mutations can be caused by | x-rays
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| The Ames test is used to | identify mutagens
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| An absence of life indicates | sterilization
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| Detergents primarily acto on microbes by | dissolving the lipid membranes
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| Autoclave sterilization is generally achieved at | 121 degrees C at 15 pounds for 15 minutes
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| The beta lactam ring of penicillins is destroyed by | B-lactamase
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| The best chemical antiseptic must be determined for | each situation
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| We vaccine adults to protect the unborn from | rubella virus
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| The best gaseous disinfectant is | ethylene oxide
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| A _____ drug is active against a broad range of different microbes | broad spectrum
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| To be valuable, an antibiotic must always | selectively inhibit the infectious agent
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| Para aminobenzoic acid is synthesized by | bacteria
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| B-lactamases make bacteria resistant to penicillin by | enzymatically degrading the drug
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| An antibiotic reserved for the treatment of tuberculosis is | isoniazid
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| The best antiherpes simplex drug is | acyclovir
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| The antiviral agent that acts to stop uncoating is | amantadine
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| Aminoglycosides are known to damage | hearing
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| The greatest number of antibiotic allergic reactions because of widespread use is due to | penicillins
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| The simplest techniques for determining antimicrobial susceptibility is the | Kirby Bauer technique
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| Normal flora can be found on | skin, mouth, vagina, etc
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| Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus, candida albicans | are resident to humans
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| Genetic defects in immunity, immunosuppressive therapy, malnutrition predispose people to | opportunistic infections
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| The site for infection for amoebiasis is the | gastrointestinal tract
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| M-protein mediated attachement to epithelial cells of the throat is associated with | streptococcus pyogenes
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| An intoxication may be caused by ingestion of | toxin without live microbes
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| An infectious reservoir frequently includes an | asymtomatic human carrier
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| Some natural barriers to infection | skin, saliva, acidity of stomach
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| Pneumonic plague is spread via | aerosols
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| _______ is a notably long lived cell | macrophage
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| What cell type matures in the thymus gland? | T lymphocyte
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| Antibody molecules are made by the | plasma cells
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| The central cell of cell mediated immunity is the | Th or CD4 cell
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| Inflammation helps because increased ________ _______ allows better access for __________. | vascular permeability; phagocytes
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| Opsonization is inhnanced by | antibodies
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| _______ can both kill and opsonize | complement
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| The complement membrane attack complex consists of | C6-C7-C8-C9
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| Acquired immunity has the hallmark of | memory and specificity
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| Immunity with attenuated microbial vaccine produces | active immunity
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| What type of antibody has its principal role in secretions outside the body such as mucous and saliva? | IgA
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| Interleukin I is produced by | macrophages
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| A viral envelope is encoded by the | host cell's genes
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| What is likely to grow in the vagina when a woman is taking a broad spectrum antibiotic? | Candida
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| What part of the antibody molecule binds to antigens? | the variable region of the light and heavy chains
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| What cell processes and presents antigen? | Macrophage
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| When cells of the acquired immune system undergo population expansion including memor cells, they increase | exponentially
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| A source of Legionnaires' disease is | water cooling towers
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| The freqency of antibiotic resistance is believed to have increased because of | large scale use in animal feeds
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| Virus infected cells and cancer cells can be destroyed outright by | cytotoxic T cells
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| Toxoid vaccines result in ______ ______ to the corresponding toxin. | neutralizing immunity
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| Testing blood for antibodies against an infectious disease is referred to as | serology
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| Who was the first to propose looking for magic bullets or antibiotics? | Ehrilich
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| Who was the first to recommend hand washing to prevent disease spread? | Semmelweis
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| Type IV hypersensitivy injury is caused by | cell mediated immunity
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| People who are atopic have high levels of | IgE
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| Chemoautotrophs use what for energy? | minerals and rocks
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| Bacteria that have lost the ability to grow on a specific sugar are called | auxotrophs
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| Some autoimmune diseases- | systemic lupus erythematous, insulin dependant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis
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| Some products of fermentation- | lactic acid, ethanol, vinegar
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| What Staph. aureus disease is associated with tampons. | toxic shock syndrome
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| In ______ disease patients show normal delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, normal phagocytic activity of PMN, and a normal thymic shadow on X-ray | Bruton
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| Penicillin antibiotic therapy will be most effective against | Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infections
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| Scalded skin syndrome is caused by the same agent that causes | boils
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| _________ is of considerable concern in the dental practice | subacute endocarditis
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| The gram positive Neisseria are usually susceptible to | penicillin
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| The most powerful microbial toxin known is | botulinum toxin
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| The Mycobacteria are unusually hard for the host to overcome because they have a | waxy cell wall
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| The tine or Mantoux test for TB tests for what type of immune response? | cell mediated immunity
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| Rabies is most likely acquired from | mammals
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| The best prevention from whooping cough is | DPT vaccine
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| The principal cell killed by the HIV virus is | T helper or CD4
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| A chancre is a symptom of | primary syphiis
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| Most fungal infections are acquired from the | environment
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| Ringworm is caused by | dermatophyte
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| Trichomonas vaginalis is a | flagellate
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| An infection caused by a protozoan transmitted in fresh water is | giardiasis
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| Tapeworms are typically transmitted by | undercooked meat
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| A virus that becomes latent in nerves of the head is | herpes simplex I
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| Our best defense against viruses is | vaccines
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| The varicella zoster virus is the cause of | chicken pox
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| Hepatitis B virus destroys | liver cells
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| Genital warts are caused by | papilloma virus
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| Antigenic drift and shift are hallmarks of | influenza viruses
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| Some viruses can spread to adjacent cells and avoid contacting antibodies by | syncytial formation
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| A severe congenital disease is caused by | rubella
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| Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with infection by | HIV
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| A virus that contains reverse transcriptase is | HIV
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| What is the effect of HIV on CD4 cells? | Cell death
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| There are bacteria that derive their energy from the Earth's principal resource which is the | Sun
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| Most nitrogen fixation requires legumes and | Rhizobium
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| Microbes that grow in cold climates are often | psychrophili
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| A protein that causes a given gene or operon to start expressing is called an | inducer
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| Microbial synthesis of DNA is called | anabolism
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| How would you sterilize an enzyme? | ultrafiltration
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| Staphylococcal exfoliation causes | desquamation
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| Acute endocarditis is most associated with | streptolysins
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| The most common cause of septicemia in the newborn is | Streptococcus agalactiae
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| A test that uses antibodies to distinguish different strains of pneumococcus is the | Quellung test
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| Legionella pneumophila is associated with | aerosol spread
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| What organism cannot synthesize ATP for itself? | Chlamydia pneumoniae
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| Adults visit their doctos the most frequently for bacteriuria due to | E coli
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| Zoonotic transmission is observed for | salmonellosis
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| What bacterium has a strong association with stomach cancer? | Helicobacter pylori
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| How are bubonic and pneumonic plagues transmitted? | fleas and respiratory aerosols
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| What disease is a concern for biological warfare? | Anthrax
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| A stiff neck is the most characteristic feature of | meningitis
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| Neisseria mengingitidis is susceptible to | penicillin
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| An infected woman is more likely than an infected man to miss recognizing this symptom | chancre
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| The great imposter is used to refer to | secondary syphilis
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| Hansen's disease decreases ability to sense touch and is also called | leprosy
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| What is the primary target for most antifungal drugs? | Ergosterol
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| A flatoxins are unusual in that they can cause | liver cancer
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| A woman presents with a white, cheese like vaginal discharge and pruritis. What is she most likely to have? | Vulvovaginitis
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| What is the number one secondary infectious agent seen in AIDS patients? | Pneumocystis carinii
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| A disease that is most common in the Ohio-Mississippi River drainage area is spread from bird droppings and is diagnosed as a yeast in bronchoalveolar lavage washings is | histoplasmosis
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| The feeding form of Giardia lamblia is called | trophozoite
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| Sleeping sickness following a tsetse fly bite is associated with | Trypanosoma
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| What do malarial merozoites infect? | red blood cells
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| What body site renders Plasmodium species resistant to antiparasitic agents? | liver
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| What disease can cause two to three day cycles of chills, fever with headache and delirium, and exhaustion with profuse sweating? | malaria
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| What organism has been associated with diarrhea and transmission on raspberries from Central America | Cyclospora cayetanensis
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| A parasite that is likely to damage the liver and have a life cycle stage in a snail is a | fluke
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| Perianal itching suggests use of the cellophane tape test to identify | pinworm
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| Reyes syndrome is caused by chicken pox or influenza and | aspirin
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| The agent that causes swimming pool conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis is | adenovirus
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| What viral vaccine is associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and neural damage? | influenza virus
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| A red rash that starts on the head and trunk, moves out to the extremeties, and lasts seven days is normally due to | measles virus
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| A common surface antigen vaccine produced in yeast cells that is especially important to health care workes today is | hepatitis B
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| The alcohol in alcoholic beverages is normally produced by | yeast
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| For fermentation to occur there needs to be a lack of | oxygen
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| Bacillus thuringiensis makes a natural | pesticide
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| Members of Streptomyces are important in the production of | antibiotics
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| What would we call the process of adapting a virus to carry a toxin gene into a plan pest? | genetic engineering
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| Water that is free of infectious agents is called | potable
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| What microbe shells are used to decontaminate water supplies? | Diatoms
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| What ocean zone contains the greatest number of microbes? | Littoral
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| Air is forced through sewage to help | aerobic bacteria grow
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| Using microbes to degrade contamination of the environment is called | bioremediation
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| Actinomycetes as Nocardia and Streptomyces are commonly found in the | soil
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| Cellulose, a difficult carbohydrate to degrade, is degraded primarily to | Cytophaga
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