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Microbiology
Excelsior (TCN)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A bacterial process of recombination that requires cell to cell contact is called | conjugation |
| A bacterial process of recombination that involves the uptake of naked DNA is called | transformation |
| Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted by a | mosquito |
| Food poisoning is caused by | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Rheumatic fever is caused by | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Gas gangrene is caused by | Clostridium perfringes |
| Vaginitis is caused by | candida albicans |
| Anthrax is caused by a | bacterium |
| A disease that has been eradicated is | smallpox |
| The usefulness of penicillin for treating bacterial infections was discovered by | Fleming |
| Proved the germ theory of disease | Koch |
| Who first utilized aseptic technique in hospitals? | Lister |
| A component that is common in prokaryotes but not found in eukaryotes is | peptidoglycan |
| 100 degree centigrade can be tolerated by | bacterial spores |
| Bacterial motility is produced by | flagella |
| A capsule is a virulence factor for | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Energy production occurs in the | bacterial cytoplasmic membrane |
| Fungi contain | chitin |
| Capsules are comprised of | polysaccharides |
| Bubonic plague is transmitted by | fleas |
| The most important difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote is the presence of a | nucleus |
| An autotroph is an organism that can use | carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
| A bacterium that grows only in the absence of oxygen is an | obligate anaerobe |
| A organism that grows well at 37 degrees C is a | mesophile |
| Rapid growth of bacteria occurs in the | log phase |
| Preparation of rapid growth occurs in the | lag phase |
| The building blocks for translation are | amino acids |
| The most effective way for bacteria to transfer multiple antibiotic resistance is by | plasmid transfer by conjugation |
| The majority of human pathogens are | mesophiles |
| What causes the reactions of anabolism and catabolism to occur? | enzymes |
| Conjunctivitis in the newborn is often caused by | Chlamydia or Neisserial gonorrhea |
| How do Cyanobacteria obtain their energy? | photosynthesis |
| Spontaneous changes in genes occurs because of | mutagenesis |
| Pasteurization of milk involves heating the milk to temperatures | less than boiling |
| What cell type mediates allergic reactions in the tissues? | mast cell |
| The smallest chemical recognized by an Ab is called a | hapten |
| The genus of the organism that is the cause of a severe intestinal infection is | Vibrio |
| It is most important to obtain an isolated culture from a respiratory infection because an | identification is not otherwise possible |
| The ______ ______ ____ stops genes needed for lactose metabolism from being expressed | lactose repressor protein |
| Pathogenic bacteria often attach to human tissue by means of | fimbriae |
| What component of the bacterial cell wall gives it rigidity? | peptidoglycan |
| The gelatinous contents within the bacterial envelope is called the | cytoplasm |
| The correct morphological term for a rod shaped bacterium is | bacillus |
| Chlamydia cannot live outside a | host cell |
| When bacteria carry out respiration, the electrons finally travel through the electron transport chain to what component? | oxygen |
| The most important cellular organelle in the destruction of a pathogen is the | lysosome |
| What indicates the correct relationship for fungi | molds and hyphae |
| Cyanobacter can fix | nitrogen |
| Basal body, flagellin, hook are parts of | bacterial flagella |
| What produces the greatest amount of energy? | electron transport |
| The most common cause of mononucleosis is | Epstein-Barr virus |
| Viruses are intracellular | parasites |
| Viruses contain a | nucleocapsid |
| Viruses contain either ______ or _____, but never both. | DNA; RNA |
| The protein subunit of which the viral coat is made is the | capsomere |
| The presence of virus particles in blood is called | viremia |
| When bacteriophage becomes lysogenic, it integrates its ______ into the host but does not grow | DNA |
| In the life cycle of a virus, ______ refers to removing the outer layers of the virus | uncoating |
| Syncytia are characterized by __________ giant cells | multinucleated |
| The greatest number of yearly infections is caused by | viruses |
| Chemically, the most abundant part of a living microbe is | water |
| The specific characteristic of heterotrophs is that they obtain carbon from | organic compounds |
| Microbes that require special growth factors are called | fastidious |
| The acquisition of nutrients from the surrounding medium by an energy requiring process is called | active transport |
| An organism that grows at pH 2 would be called an | acidophile |
| What do sulfa drug inhibit? | folic acid synthesis |
| One organism being helped by a second while the second is neither helped nor harmed refers to | symbiosis |
| An appropriate test to measure the number of living bacteria is | viable plate count |
| The most important advantage of solid media over broth is that it allows | specific colonies to be isolated |
| At the end of the log phase, bacteria go into the | stationary phase |
| When rod shaped bacteria are found in chains, the proper prefix to use for morphology is | strepto- |
| What kinds of microbes are observed from water puddles when observed in the light microscope? | all kinds except viruses |
| Concerning the lac operon of E.coli, when the ____ is bound to the ______, the operon is active. | inducer; repressor |
| ______ are inherited from generation to generation | mutations |
| Mutations can be caused by | x-rays |
| The Ames test is used to | identify mutagens |
| An absence of life indicates | sterilization |
| Detergents primarily acto on microbes by | dissolving the lipid membranes |
| Autoclave sterilization is generally achieved at | 121 degrees C at 15 pounds for 15 minutes |
| The beta lactam ring of penicillins is destroyed by | B-lactamase |
| The best chemical antiseptic must be determined for | each situation |
| We vaccine adults to protect the unborn from | rubella virus |
| The best gaseous disinfectant is | ethylene oxide |
| A _____ drug is active against a broad range of different microbes | broad spectrum |
| To be valuable, an antibiotic must always | selectively inhibit the infectious agent |
| Para aminobenzoic acid is synthesized by | bacteria |
| B-lactamases make bacteria resistant to penicillin by | enzymatically degrading the drug |
| An antibiotic reserved for the treatment of tuberculosis is | isoniazid |
| The best antiherpes simplex drug is | acyclovir |
| The antiviral agent that acts to stop uncoating is | amantadine |
| Aminoglycosides are known to damage | hearing |
| The greatest number of antibiotic allergic reactions because of widespread use is due to | penicillins |
| The simplest techniques for determining antimicrobial susceptibility is the | Kirby Bauer technique |
| Normal flora can be found on | skin, mouth, vagina, etc |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus, candida albicans | are resident to humans |
| Genetic defects in immunity, immunosuppressive therapy, malnutrition predispose people to | opportunistic infections |
| The site for infection for amoebiasis is the | gastrointestinal tract |
| M-protein mediated attachement to epithelial cells of the throat is associated with | streptococcus pyogenes |
| An intoxication may be caused by ingestion of | toxin without live microbes |
| An infectious reservoir frequently includes an | asymtomatic human carrier |
| Some natural barriers to infection | skin, saliva, acidity of stomach |
| Pneumonic plague is spread via | aerosols |
| _______ is a notably long lived cell | macrophage |
| What cell type matures in the thymus gland? | T lymphocyte |
| Antibody molecules are made by the | plasma cells |
| The central cell of cell mediated immunity is the | Th or CD4 cell |
| Inflammation helps because increased ________ _______ allows better access for __________. | vascular permeability; phagocytes |
| Opsonization is inhnanced by | antibodies |
| _______ can both kill and opsonize | complement |
| The complement membrane attack complex consists of | C6-C7-C8-C9 |
| Acquired immunity has the hallmark of | memory and specificity |
| Immunity with attenuated microbial vaccine produces | active immunity |
| What type of antibody has its principal role in secretions outside the body such as mucous and saliva? | IgA |
| Interleukin I is produced by | macrophages |
| A viral envelope is encoded by the | host cell's genes |
| What is likely to grow in the vagina when a woman is taking a broad spectrum antibiotic? | Candida |
| What part of the antibody molecule binds to antigens? | the variable region of the light and heavy chains |
| What cell processes and presents antigen? | Macrophage |
| When cells of the acquired immune system undergo population expansion including memor cells, they increase | exponentially |
| A source of Legionnaires' disease is | water cooling towers |
| The freqency of antibiotic resistance is believed to have increased because of | large scale use in animal feeds |
| Virus infected cells and cancer cells can be destroyed outright by | cytotoxic T cells |
| Toxoid vaccines result in ______ ______ to the corresponding toxin. | neutralizing immunity |
| Testing blood for antibodies against an infectious disease is referred to as | serology |
| Who was the first to propose looking for magic bullets or antibiotics? | Ehrilich |
| Who was the first to recommend hand washing to prevent disease spread? | Semmelweis |
| Type IV hypersensitivy injury is caused by | cell mediated immunity |
| People who are atopic have high levels of | IgE |
| Chemoautotrophs use what for energy? | minerals and rocks |
| Bacteria that have lost the ability to grow on a specific sugar are called | auxotrophs |
| Some autoimmune diseases- | systemic lupus erythematous, insulin dependant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis |
| Some products of fermentation- | lactic acid, ethanol, vinegar |
| What Staph. aureus disease is associated with tampons. | toxic shock syndrome |
| In ______ disease patients show normal delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, normal phagocytic activity of PMN, and a normal thymic shadow on X-ray | Bruton |
| Penicillin antibiotic therapy will be most effective against | Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infections |
| Scalded skin syndrome is caused by the same agent that causes | boils |
| _________ is of considerable concern in the dental practice | subacute endocarditis |
| The gram positive Neisseria are usually susceptible to | penicillin |
| The most powerful microbial toxin known is | botulinum toxin |
| The Mycobacteria are unusually hard for the host to overcome because they have a | waxy cell wall |
| The tine or Mantoux test for TB tests for what type of immune response? | cell mediated immunity |
| Rabies is most likely acquired from | mammals |
| The best prevention from whooping cough is | DPT vaccine |
| The principal cell killed by the HIV virus is | T helper or CD4 |
| A chancre is a symptom of | primary syphiis |
| Most fungal infections are acquired from the | environment |
| Ringworm is caused by | dermatophyte |
| Trichomonas vaginalis is a | flagellate |
| An infection caused by a protozoan transmitted in fresh water is | giardiasis |
| Tapeworms are typically transmitted by | undercooked meat |
| A virus that becomes latent in nerves of the head is | herpes simplex I |
| Our best defense against viruses is | vaccines |
| The varicella zoster virus is the cause of | chicken pox |
| Hepatitis B virus destroys | liver cells |
| Genital warts are caused by | papilloma virus |
| Antigenic drift and shift are hallmarks of | influenza viruses |
| Some viruses can spread to adjacent cells and avoid contacting antibodies by | syncytial formation |
| A severe congenital disease is caused by | rubella |
| Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with infection by | HIV |
| A virus that contains reverse transcriptase is | HIV |
| What is the effect of HIV on CD4 cells? | Cell death |
| There are bacteria that derive their energy from the Earth's principal resource which is the | Sun |
| Most nitrogen fixation requires legumes and | Rhizobium |
| Microbes that grow in cold climates are often | psychrophili |
| A protein that causes a given gene or operon to start expressing is called an | inducer |
| Microbial synthesis of DNA is called | anabolism |
| How would you sterilize an enzyme? | ultrafiltration |
| Staphylococcal exfoliation causes | desquamation |
| Acute endocarditis is most associated with | streptolysins |
| The most common cause of septicemia in the newborn is | Streptococcus agalactiae |
| A test that uses antibodies to distinguish different strains of pneumococcus is the | Quellung test |
| Legionella pneumophila is associated with | aerosol spread |
| What organism cannot synthesize ATP for itself? | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Adults visit their doctos the most frequently for bacteriuria due to | E coli |
| Zoonotic transmission is observed for | salmonellosis |
| What bacterium has a strong association with stomach cancer? | Helicobacter pylori |
| How are bubonic and pneumonic plagues transmitted? | fleas and respiratory aerosols |
| What disease is a concern for biological warfare? | Anthrax |
| A stiff neck is the most characteristic feature of | meningitis |
| Neisseria mengingitidis is susceptible to | penicillin |
| An infected woman is more likely than an infected man to miss recognizing this symptom | chancre |
| The great imposter is used to refer to | secondary syphilis |
| Hansen's disease decreases ability to sense touch and is also called | leprosy |
| What is the primary target for most antifungal drugs? | Ergosterol |
| A flatoxins are unusual in that they can cause | liver cancer |
| A woman presents with a white, cheese like vaginal discharge and pruritis. What is she most likely to have? | Vulvovaginitis |
| What is the number one secondary infectious agent seen in AIDS patients? | Pneumocystis carinii |
| A disease that is most common in the Ohio-Mississippi River drainage area is spread from bird droppings and is diagnosed as a yeast in bronchoalveolar lavage washings is | histoplasmosis |
| The feeding form of Giardia lamblia is called | trophozoite |
| Sleeping sickness following a tsetse fly bite is associated with | Trypanosoma |
| What do malarial merozoites infect? | red blood cells |
| What body site renders Plasmodium species resistant to antiparasitic agents? | liver |
| What disease can cause two to three day cycles of chills, fever with headache and delirium, and exhaustion with profuse sweating? | malaria |
| What organism has been associated with diarrhea and transmission on raspberries from Central America | Cyclospora cayetanensis |
| A parasite that is likely to damage the liver and have a life cycle stage in a snail is a | fluke |
| Perianal itching suggests use of the cellophane tape test to identify | pinworm |
| Reyes syndrome is caused by chicken pox or influenza and | aspirin |
| The agent that causes swimming pool conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis is | adenovirus |
| What viral vaccine is associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and neural damage? | influenza virus |
| A red rash that starts on the head and trunk, moves out to the extremeties, and lasts seven days is normally due to | measles virus |
| A common surface antigen vaccine produced in yeast cells that is especially important to health care workes today is | hepatitis B |
| The alcohol in alcoholic beverages is normally produced by | yeast |
| For fermentation to occur there needs to be a lack of | oxygen |
| Bacillus thuringiensis makes a natural | pesticide |
| Members of Streptomyces are important in the production of | antibiotics |
| What would we call the process of adapting a virus to carry a toxin gene into a plan pest? | genetic engineering |
| Water that is free of infectious agents is called | potable |
| What microbe shells are used to decontaminate water supplies? | Diatoms |
| What ocean zone contains the greatest number of microbes? | Littoral |
| Air is forced through sewage to help | aerobic bacteria grow |
| Using microbes to degrade contamination of the environment is called | bioremediation |
| Actinomycetes as Nocardia and Streptomyces are commonly found in the | soil |
| Cellulose, a difficult carbohydrate to degrade, is degraded primarily to | Cytophaga |
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