biology chapter 37
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| What are the 4 functions of the circulatory system | - Transports nutrients and wastes
- Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Transports hormones
- Distributes heat
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| what are the 4 components of the circulatory system | - Blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
- Blood
- Heart
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| network of tubes through which the blood moves | blood vessels
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| intertwine with the blood vessels and recover fluid that leeks out of the blood vessels | lymphatic vessels
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| mixture of specialized cells and fluid | blood
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| muscular pump | heart
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| what is the pathway of the circulatory system | Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries: gas and metabolic exchange -> venules -> veins -> heart
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| the very thick walls have to be able to expand | arteries
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| very thin so that exchanges can occur it is several miles long and they can stretch along the united states | capillaries
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| largest vein that leads into the heart | vena cava
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| collects 3 letters of fluid per day that leads out of the capillaries it drains back into the veins in the lower part of the neck | lymphatic system
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| the non cellular portion, 90% water and 10% solute, is composed of metabolites and waste, salts and ions and proteins | blood plasma
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| what are the 3 blood types | - RBC (erythrocytes)
- WBC (leukocytes)
- Platelets
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| red blood cells, flat disks with a collapsed center | RBC (erythrocytes)
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| about 4 months and is produced by stem cells in the bone | RBC (erythrocytes)
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| decrease level of red blood cells | anemia
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| white blood cells | WBC (leukocytes)
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| •No hemoglobin •primary cells of the immune system •Leukemia | WBC (leukocytes)
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| un-nucleated cells and key role is in blood clotting | Platelets
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| - Blood clotting - Hemophilia | platelets
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| lack of one of the looting proteins | hemophilia
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| due to the type of antigen coating outside the red blood cells | blood types
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| if Antigen on RBC are present | +
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| if Antigen on RBC are not present | -
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| 1st baby: Rh – mom | /h + baby —> baby fine- blood only mixes at birth, and during that short span, that the baby is fine
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| 2nd baby: mom treated | baby fine- mom has been developing more antibodies after the first baby, therefore a problem could occur, so they give a shot to the mom after the birth of the first child, to kill the rh+ antigens so no antibodies a pre developed, still are monitored
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| right side of the heart | pulmonary circulation loop
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| Pumps oxygen poor blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs —> gas exchange —> back to left side of heart | pulmonary circulation loop
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| left side of the heart | systemic circulation loop
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| Pumps oxygen rich blood to tissues —> deoxygenated blood returns to right side by veins | systemic circulation loop
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| measures blood pressure | Sphygmomanometer
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| Diastolic pressure | low pressure – relaxation of heart
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| Systolic pressure | high pressure – contraction of heart
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| ex) 120/80 | Systolic/diastolic
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| 100 – 130 | systolic
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| 70-90 | diastolic
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| high blood pressure, if in-treated can lead to heart damage, stroke, and kidney failure | Hypertension
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| measures the tiny electrical impulses produced by the heart muscles when it contracts | Electrocardiogram
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| people affected by some form of cardiovascular disease | 16% or approx. 42 million affected
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| when an area of a heart muscle does not receive enough blood (oxygen) and it results in the death of cardiac muscle cells | heart attack
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| •Can be caused by a Blood clot •Can also occur if arteries become blocked by deposits of Fatty materials in the inner walls of the heart | heart attack
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| build up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the arteries and blood flow becomes restricted | Atherosclerosis
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| hardening of the arteries occurs, when calcium is deposited in the fatty build up, therefore it can't expand so the heart has to work harder | Arteriosclerosis
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| 3 things in the Respiratory system | Respiratory passages, lungs and thoracic cavity
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| what is the pathway of the respiratory system | Breathe in —> nose filters dust/ epithelial tissue lining nasal cavity moistens and warms air —> pharynx —> larynx —> trachea —> bronchi —> lungs
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| suspended in the thoracic cavity, bounded on the sides by the ribs and the diaphragm from underneath | lungs
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| each lung is subdivided into three hundred million of chambers clustered like grapes | alveoli
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| what is the process of breathing (inhalation) | Air moves into lungs when air pressure inside them is decreased by expanding walls of chest cavity —> diaphragm contracts and moves downward and rib cage moves upward and outward —> volume of chest cavity increases and air rushes in
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| what is the process of breathing (exhalation) | diaphragm and ribs return to original position —> pressure by ribs and diaphragm forces air of the lungs
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| the bronchioles of the lungs become restricted due to their sensitivity to certain stimuli in the air making it difficult to exhale | asthma
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| the alveoli in the lungs loose their elasticity making it difficult for the alveoli to release their air during exhalation leading to a great reduction in the efficiency of gas exchange | Emphysema
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| abnormal cell growth, less than 10% of victims live more than five years after diagnosis | lung cancer
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