Reproductive System Disorders
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| spermatogenesis | the production of spermatozoa, is a continuous process
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| seminiferous tubules | "sperm factories"
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| epididymis | where the sperm mature
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| ampulla | where sperm is stored for several weeks until ejaculation occurs
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| seminal vesicles | located behind the bladder, provide secretion that includes fructose to nourish the sperm
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| prostate gland | surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder, adds an alkaline fluid to provide optimum pH of around 6 for ferilization
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| bulbourethral glands | situated near the base of the penis, secrete an alkaline mucus, which probably neutralizes any residual urine in the urethra
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone | initiates spermatogenesis
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| Luteinizing hormone | stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells in the testes
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| testosterone | is essential for maturation of sperm
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| Epispadias | refers to a urethral opening on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis, proximal to the glands
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| Hypospadias | a urethral opening on the ventral (under) surface of the penis; it is considered more severe
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| Cryptorchidism | occurs when one of the testes fails to descend into the normal position in the scrotum during the latter part of pregnancy
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| Hydrocele | occurs when excessive fluid collects in the potential space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
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| Spermatocele | a cyst containing fluid & sperm that develops between the testis & the epididymis outside the tunica vaginalis
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| Varicocele | is a dilated vein in the spermatic cord, usually on the left side
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| Prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland; recurrent infections can lead to prostate cancer; caused primarily by Ecoli
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| Balanitis | a fungal infection of the glans penis that can be transmitted by sexual activity
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| Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) | very common disorder in men; causes urinary obstruction, but is not associated with malignancy
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| gynecomastia | enlarged breasts
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| vulva | female external genitalia; includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, & vaginal orifice
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| mons pubis | consists of adipose tissue & hair covering the symphysis pubis
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| labia majora | the outer fold
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| labia minora | long, thin folds of skin extending back & down from the mons pubis, protecting the orificis
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| clitoris | is a small projection of erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra
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| leukorrhea | normal vaginal discharge
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| acini | the basic functional units of the breast tissue
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| dyspareunia | painful intercourse
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| cystocele | protrusion of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina
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| rectocele | protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina
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| Menorrhagia | increased amount & duration of flow
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| Metrorrhagia | bleeding between cycles
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| Polymenrrhea | short cycles of less than 3 weeks
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| Oligomenorrhea | long cycles of more than 6 weeks
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| Candidiasis | yeast infection; is a frequent opportunistic vaginal infection in women
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | a serious bacterial infection of the reproductive tract, particularly the fallopian tubes & ovaries; usually originates as vaginitis or cervicitis; treatment involves aggressive antimicrobials
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| Leiomyoma (Fibroids) | a benign tumor of the myometrium, the cause of which is unknown
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| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | large ovaries containing cysts & covered with a thick capsule develop
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| Fibrocystic Breast Disease | benign breast disease including a broad range of breast lesions
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| Endometriosis | is a cause of dysmenorrhea & infertility
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| Complications of BPH | Nodules form in inner prostate
Urethra is compressed
Obstruction of urine flow
Incomplete emptying of bladder
Infection (cystitis)
Hydronephrosis
Kidney damage
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| Treatment of BPH | Surgery
Flomax (tamsulosin)- relaxes smooth muscle in prostate & bladder, resulting in increased flow of urine
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