Physiology (Test 3)
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| H+ ion concentration in the body is very (large or small?) | small
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| H+ ion concentration in the body is _______ nanograms/dL. | 4 nanograms/dL
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| True or False: H+ ion concentration is tightly regulated. | True
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| What is a normal pH range? | 7.35-7.45
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| What are some consequences of a pH <7.35? | (things stop) acidemia, asystole, cardiovascular collapse, death
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| What are some consequences of a pH >7.45? | (hyperexcitable) tetany, arrhythmias, death
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| If you begin to accumulate too much bicarb ion, the "needle swings" toward a (higher or lower?) pH. | higher
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| If you begin to accumulate too much CO2, the "needle swings" toward a (higher or lower?) pH. | lower
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| Since the acid-base balance is so important, we have to have several compensatory mechanisms to keep it in range. What are 3 of those mechanisms? | 1)buffering, 2)compensation, 3)correction
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| Define chemical buffer. What are its components? | resists an abrupt change in pH; made of a weak acid and the salt of a weak acid
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| What is the most common body buffer? | bicarbonate buffer
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| What is the acid in the bicarbonate buffer? The salt? | acid=H2CO3, salt=NaHCO3 (sodium bicarb)
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| How does HCl- react when introduced to the bicarb buffer? | the H+ binds with the HCO3- making more acid; the Cl- binds with the Na+ making more salt
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| How does NaOH- react when introduced to the bicarb buffer? | OH- binds with H+ making H2O, and Na+ binds with HCO3- making NaHCO3
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| True or False: You also have a phosphate buffer in the body. | True
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| What 2 organs are involved in pH compensation? | kidneys and lungs
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| What organs/systems are "at fault" during respiratory acidosis/alkalosis? | respiratory system (lungs OR the CNS respiratory groups)
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| Respiratory acidosis is caused by (increased or decreased?) ventilation? | decreased
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| What are some causes of respiratory acidosis? | 1)COPD, 2)CNS depressant overdose, 3)obstructed airway like a mucus plug, 4)emphysema
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| During respiratory acidosis, the (right or left?) side of the equation will increase, the equation will swing (right or left?) causing too much (H+ or CO2?) | respiratory acidosis= left side of the equation increases, equation will swing right, causing too much H+
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| What are some causes of metabolic acidosis? | renal failure, severe prolonged diarrhea or vomiting from duodenum, lacticacidosis/ketoacidosis, antifreeze/methanol/ethanol poisoning
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| How does severe prolonged diarrhea or vomiting from duodenum cause metabolic acidosis? | loss of HCO3-
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| What causes lactic acidosis? | lactic acid in muscles; released when not using Citric Acid Cycle, only glycolysis to make ATP; OK during exercise, if happens during rest --> means there is shock or ischemia somewhere
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| What causes ketoacidosis? | diabetics can't burn sugar, so fats are burned and long-chain fatty acids are chopped; some fragments are used and some fragments are left as ketones
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| Alcohols are converted to ________________, which are converted to _____________. | aldehydes; acids
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| Ethanol is converted to _______________, which is converted to ___________________. | acetaldyhyde; acetic acid
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| Methanol is converted to _______________, which is converted to __________________. | formaldehyde; formic acid
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| Where is methanol found? | in paint thinners/cleaners
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| True or False: A treatment for methanol overdose is to infuse the body with ethanol. | True: The enzyme will focus on metabolizing the ethanol, giving you time to dialyze out the methanol before it is metabolized into toxic formaldehyde
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| Antifreeze is metabolized into _____________. How is it harmful? | oxalic acid; some precipitates forming harmful kidney stones
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| What is the anion gap equation? | (Na+ - Cl-) + HCO3- = 10 - -2 = 12
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| How will decreasing bicarb affect the anion gap? | increases the gap; b/c Na+ and Cl- remain constant
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| What can cause respiratory alkalosis? | hyperventilation
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| How does hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis? | losing too much CO2
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| What can cause metabolic alkalosis? | excessive vomiting from the stomach; excessive ingestion of alkaline substances (baking soda)
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| How does excessive vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis? | loss of HCl
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| ___________ is an acid equivalent? | CO2
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| If CO2 forms from H2CO3 and that dissociated equally into H+ and HCO3-, they why don't the 2 neutralize each other? | HCO3- is 600,000 X more concentrated in the plasma than H+, so a little more HCO3- goes unnoticed, but a little more H+ makes a difference
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| What is the first step in determining acidosis or alkalosis? | look at pH first!
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| What pH is acidosis? | low pH <7.35
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| What pH is alkalosis? | high pH >7.45
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| A low pH and high CO2 is... | respiratory acidosis
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| A low pH and low HCO3- is... | metabolic acidosis
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| A high pH and high HCO3- is... | metabolic alkalosis
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| A high pH and low CO2 is... | respiratory alkalosis
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| How do the lungs attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis/alkalosis? | change RR and depth of respiration
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| How do the kidneys attempt to compensate for respiratory acidosis/alkalosis? | alter filtration
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| How do you know if an acid-base imbalance is only partially compensated? | the pH is still out of normal range
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| How do you know if an acid-base imbalance is completely compensated? | the pH is back in normal range
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