Bio. Vocab. Test - 2
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| Biology | the study of life
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| Science | process of testing and discovering/explaining various things in the natural world
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| Homeostasis | maintaining stability
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| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
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| Hypothesis | educated prediction or possible answer to an observation/problem that can be tested; can be changed repeatedly if necessary
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| Scientific Theory | well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through repeated tests that support the same conclusion. Can be changed
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| Scientific Law | several related hypotheses that have been confirmed through testing
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| Ion | atom with a charge; has lost or gained one or more electrons
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| Hydrogen Bond | a weak bond between two molecules that contain hydrogen; between two water molecules
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| Cohesion | two molecules of the same type are attracted to one another
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| Adhesion | two molecules of different types are attracted to one another
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| Polar | molecule that is charged on one end. example: water
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| Organic | contains the element Carbon
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| Polymer | large molecule made up of repeating units
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| Monomer | small sub units that bond together to make up a polymer
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| Hydrolysis | the splitting of water; a chemical reaction that involves the splitting of a water molecule
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| Dehydration Synthesis | chemical reaction that occurs where a molecule of H2O is created
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| Biomolecule | a molecule that is produced by living things
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| Carbohydrate | biomolecule made of C, H, O (sugars, starches, glycogen) used for energy, energy storage & cell to cell recognition
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| Saccharide | word that means sugar
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| Lipid | biomolecule; aka fat: made of glycerol + 3 fatty acids, used for energy storage. Can also be oils and cholesterols
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| Protein | composed of amino acids; contains nitrogen; make up an organism
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| Nucleic Acids | DNA & RNA, used for storage of genetic information that is the blueprint for building proteins
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| Enzyme | proteins that speed up chemical reactions (can either break things down, or put things together)
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| Activation Energy | the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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| Catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. Ex: enzyme
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| Prokaryotic | cell with NO nucleus, ex. - bacteria
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| Eukaryotic | cells that DO have a nucleus, ex. - everything other than bacteria
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| Nucleus | contains DNA for cell, makes ribosomes (RNA)
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| Mitochondria | power house of the cell; makes energy (ATP)
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| Ribosome | site for protein synthesis
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| Synthesis | to make or put together
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | highway system of the cell. Transports proteins and other things in the cell. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ER)
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| Golgi Body | packages things for the cell
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| Vacuole | storage unit for the cell. In plants, it will hold LOTS of water
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| Cell Membrane | gate keeper, monitors what goes in and what goes out
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| Cell wall | found in plants and bacteria, provides structure for the cell
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| Chloroplast | contains the green pigment chlorophyll, site for photosynthesis
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| Nucleolus | found in nucleus, produces ribosomes
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| Microtubules | help with cell movement
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| Lysosome | gets rid of unwanted waste, recycles
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| Centrioles | helps with cell reproduction
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| Diffusion | the movement of substances from a high to low concentration
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| Osmosis | the diffusion of water
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| Hyper- | prefix that means “more”
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| Hypo- | prefix that means “less”
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| Iso- | prefix that means “equal”
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| Selective permeability | only certain things can go in and out of cell through the cell membrane
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| Ligand | a molecule that a protein receptor binds to
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| Cyto- | Prefix that means “cell”
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| Endo- | Prefix that means “into” or ‘inner’
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| Exo- | Prefix that means “out of” or “exit”
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| Photosynthesis | process that uses light to make sugars
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| Autotroph | auto = self; troph = feeder
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| Heterotroph | must consume food that is then converted to energy (ATP)
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| Cellular respiration | process that uses food (glucose) to make ATP
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| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate : Cellular energy
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| Chlorophyll | green pigment found in chloroplasts. Site for photosynthesis
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| Glycolysis | “glyco”=sugar; “lysis”=to split: the splitting of sugar
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| Somatic Cell | body cell
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| Gamete | sex cell
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| Chromosomes | coiled DNA, visible under a microscope
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| Homologous Chromosomes | pair of chromosomes that contain the same genetic information. One came from mother, the other from father.
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| Centromere | center of the chromosome
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| Chromatid | ½ of the X forming the chromosome
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| Mutation | change in the DNA sequence or chromosome structure
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| Cancer | uncontrolled cell growth
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| Diploid | cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (ex: somatic cells)
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| Haploid | cell with 1 set of DNA (ex: gametes)
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| DNA | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid: polymer; genetic blueprint that is the genetic code to produce proteins
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| Double Helix | words that mean “twisted staircase”; shape of DNA
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| Nucleotide | Sugar, Phosphate & Nitrogen base; DNA’s monomer
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| Nitrogen(ous) base | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA (Uracil replaces thymine in RNA)
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| Purine | type of nitrogen base; examples: adenine and guanine
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| Pyrimidine | type of nitrogen base; examples: thymine and cytosine
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| Replication | making an EXACT copy (replica)
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| Helicase | enzyme, breaks down hydrogen bonds that hold nitrogen bases together (unzips DNA)
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| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that proofreads DNA, corrects mistakes
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| Deoxyribose | sugar that is part of DNA backbone
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| Gene | segment of DNA that codes for a protein
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| Repressor | prevents a gene from being expressed, blocks movement of RNA polymerase
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| Intron | non- coding portions of DNA
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| Exon | coding portions of DNA, codes for proteins
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| Point mutation | one nucleotide changes/switched
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| Frameshift mutation | inserting or deleting a nucleotide, causing nucleotides to shift, changes nearly every amino acid code in the protein from that point
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| Genetics | the study of heredity
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| Gregor Mendel | monk who is known as the father of genetics
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| Monohybrid Cross | genetic cross involving one trait
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| Phenotype | physical characteristic
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| Homozygous | genotype with two alike (same) alleles
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| Heterozygous | genotype with two different alleles
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| Genotype | the alleles of an individual
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| Allele | way to represent a gene, can be in two forms (dominant or recessive)
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| Dominant | expressed form of a trait, represented by a capital letter
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| Recessive | “hidden” form of a trait, takes 2 recessive alleles. Represented by a lower case letter.
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| Radiometric dating | estimation of the age of an object by measuring its radiation content
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| Endosymbiosis | certain organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) originated as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell
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| Population | all individuals of a species living in a specific place
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| Natural selection | individuals who are the most “fit” will survive and pass on their traits over those “unfit” individuals
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| Adaptation | phenotype that provides some type of survival advantage
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| Genetic drift | is the change in the frequency of a gene (allele) in a population due to randomness
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| Migration | The transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another
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| Gradualism | gradual change over time
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| Punctuated equilibrium | model of evolution that states there are periods of rapid change followed by periods of little or no change
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| Speciation | formation of a new species
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| Vestigial structure | structure with no function (ex. – human appendix)
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| Homologous structure | same structure/different function…shows common ancestry(ex. Human arm & whale flipper)
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| Analogous structure | different structure/same function(ex. the wing of a bat & butterfly) Shows convergent evolution
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| Convergent evolution | the process of a characteristic or adaptation that evolved in two or more separate organisms independently of each other. (Ex: the wing of a bird and a butterfly.)
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| Taxonomy | science of naming and classifying organisms
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| Biological species | group of similar organisms that can breed with one another
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| Phylogeny | evolutionary history
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| Cladistics | method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics
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| Virus | DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat; pathogenic
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| Bacteria | unicellular prokaryote that contains a cell wall
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| Pathogen | a disease causing agent
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| Aerobic | a process requiring oxygen
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| Prefix “a” or “an” | makes its root word opposite
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| Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria
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| Antibiotics | medicine that kills bacteria
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| Lytic cycle | virus destroys the cell it uses to reproduce
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| Lysogenic cycle | virus does not destroy the cell it uses to reproduce
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| Vaccine | used to prevent viral infections/diseases; made from weakened or killed viruses, when administered it causes your immune system to create antibodies that will fight off future invasions of the same virus
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| Protist | kingdom made up of mainly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
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| Pseudopod(ia) | “false” “foot”, flexible cytoplasmic extensions used by amoeba
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| Flagella | long hair like structure that grows out of cell and helps the cell move
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| Cilia | tightly packed rows of short flagella used for movement
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| Chitin | type of polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungus, the exoskeleton of insects, & the cuticles of round worms
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| Mycorrhizae | mutualistic relationship between fungus and plants. fungus helps supply food and water to the plant while the fungus feeds on the CHO produced by the plant. Found in primitive plants
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| Blastula | hollow ball of cells that is formed in early development in all animals
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| Hox genes | genes that control early development in animals and specifically determine the head-to-tail pattern in animal embryos
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| Cephalization | cluster of nerves near head region (ie. Brain)
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| Coelem | true body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm cells
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| Prefix “meso”- | middle
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| Prefix “ecto”- | outer
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| Prefix “pseudo”- | false
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| Root word “stoma”- | mouth
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| Prefix ‘proto’- | first
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| Prefix ‘deutero’ | second
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| Tissue | group of similar cells working together
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| Epithelial tissue | lining of most body surfaces
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| Prefix “osteo”- | pertaining to bone
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| Cardio | pertaining to the heart
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| Plasma | the liquid portion of the blood
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| Digestion | process of breaking down food into smaller molecules
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| Neuron | nerve cell
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| Nephron | tiny tubes in the kidneys
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| Composition | the act of combining parts or elements to form a whole
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| Inhibit | to prevent from doing something
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| “leuko”- | prefix meaning “white”
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| Cuticle | waxy layer of plant tissue that protects the plant and doesn’t allow water or gases through
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| Stoma (stomata) | pores on the underside of a leaf that permit gas exchange
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| Guard cell | specialized cells that border the stoma. They regulate when the stoma is open
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| Vascular plants | plants with a system of tubes used to distribute water and nutrients
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| Phloem | plant tissue that transports food
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| Xylem | plant tissue that transports water
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| Seed | structure that contains the plant embryo
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| Tropism | the growing or turning of an organism in response to a stimulus
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| “photo”- | light
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| Geotropism | plant’s response to gravity
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| Germination | emerge from a seed/spore and begin to grow
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| Dormancy | to temporarily stop
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| Carrying capactiy | the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat
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| Ecology | study of the interactions of living and non-living things in an environment
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| Symbiosis | long term interaction between two or more different species
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| Mutualism | type of symbiosis where both individuals benefit
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| Parasitism | type of symbiosis where one benefits at the other’s expense
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| Commensalism | type of symbiosis where one benefits and the other is completely unaffected
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| Habitat | the place where something lives
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| Succession | progression of species replacement, can be primary-growth where no growth has ever occurred before, or secondary-growth where there has been previous growth
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| Trophic level | the position an organism occupies in a food chain/web
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| Biomagnification | is the increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain
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| Detritivore | are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as organic fecal matter)
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| Combustion | burning
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