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Bio. Vocab. Test - 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biology | the study of life |
| Science | process of testing and discovering/explaining various things in the natural world |
| Homeostasis | maintaining stability |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism |
| Hypothesis | educated prediction or possible answer to an observation/problem that can be tested; can be changed repeatedly if necessary |
| Scientific Theory | well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through repeated tests that support the same conclusion. Can be changed |
| Scientific Law | several related hypotheses that have been confirmed through testing |
| Ion | atom with a charge; has lost or gained one or more electrons |
| Hydrogen Bond | a weak bond between two molecules that contain hydrogen; between two water molecules |
| Cohesion | two molecules of the same type are attracted to one another |
| Adhesion | two molecules of different types are attracted to one another |
| Polar | molecule that is charged on one end. example: water |
| Organic | contains the element Carbon |
| Polymer | large molecule made up of repeating units |
| Monomer | small sub units that bond together to make up a polymer |
| Hydrolysis | the splitting of water; a chemical reaction that involves the splitting of a water molecule |
| Dehydration Synthesis | chemical reaction that occurs where a molecule of H2O is created |
| Biomolecule | a molecule that is produced by living things |
| Carbohydrate | biomolecule made of C, H, O (sugars, starches, glycogen) used for energy, energy storage & cell to cell recognition |
| Saccharide | word that means sugar |
| Lipid | biomolecule; aka fat: made of glycerol + 3 fatty acids, used for energy storage. Can also be oils and cholesterols |
| Protein | composed of amino acids; contains nitrogen; make up an organism |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA & RNA, used for storage of genetic information that is the blueprint for building proteins |
| Enzyme | proteins that speed up chemical reactions (can either break things down, or put things together) |
| Activation Energy | the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. Ex: enzyme |
| Prokaryotic | cell with NO nucleus, ex. - bacteria |
| Eukaryotic | cells that DO have a nucleus, ex. - everything other than bacteria |
| Nucleus | contains DNA for cell, makes ribosomes (RNA) |
| Mitochondria | power house of the cell; makes energy (ATP) |
| Ribosome | site for protein synthesis |
| Synthesis | to make or put together |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | highway system of the cell. Transports proteins and other things in the cell. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ER) |
| Golgi Body | packages things for the cell |
| Vacuole | storage unit for the cell. In plants, it will hold LOTS of water |
| Cell Membrane | gate keeper, monitors what goes in and what goes out |
| Cell wall | found in plants and bacteria, provides structure for the cell |
| Chloroplast | contains the green pigment chlorophyll, site for photosynthesis |
| Nucleolus | found in nucleus, produces ribosomes |
| Microtubules | help with cell movement |
| Lysosome | gets rid of unwanted waste, recycles |
| Centrioles | helps with cell reproduction |
| Diffusion | the movement of substances from a high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| Hyper- | prefix that means “more” |
| Hypo- | prefix that means “less” |
| Iso- | prefix that means “equal” |
| Selective permeability | only certain things can go in and out of cell through the cell membrane |
| Ligand | a molecule that a protein receptor binds to |
| Cyto- | Prefix that means “cell” |
| Endo- | Prefix that means “into” or ‘inner’ |
| Exo- | Prefix that means “out of” or “exit” |
| Photosynthesis | process that uses light to make sugars |
| Autotroph | auto = self; troph = feeder |
| Heterotroph | must consume food that is then converted to energy (ATP) |
| Cellular respiration | process that uses food (glucose) to make ATP |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate : Cellular energy |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment found in chloroplasts. Site for photosynthesis |
| Glycolysis | “glyco”=sugar; “lysis”=to split: the splitting of sugar |
| Somatic Cell | body cell |
| Gamete | sex cell |
| Chromosomes | coiled DNA, visible under a microscope |
| Homologous Chromosomes | pair of chromosomes that contain the same genetic information. One came from mother, the other from father. |
| Centromere | center of the chromosome |
| Chromatid | ½ of the X forming the chromosome |
| Mutation | change in the DNA sequence or chromosome structure |
| Cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| Diploid | cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (ex: somatic cells) |
| Haploid | cell with 1 set of DNA (ex: gametes) |
| DNA | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid: polymer; genetic blueprint that is the genetic code to produce proteins |
| Double Helix | words that mean “twisted staircase”; shape of DNA |
| Nucleotide | Sugar, Phosphate & Nitrogen base; DNA’s monomer |
| Nitrogen(ous) base | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA (Uracil replaces thymine in RNA) |
| Purine | type of nitrogen base; examples: adenine and guanine |
| Pyrimidine | type of nitrogen base; examples: thymine and cytosine |
| Replication | making an EXACT copy (replica) |
| Helicase | enzyme, breaks down hydrogen bonds that hold nitrogen bases together (unzips DNA) |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that proofreads DNA, corrects mistakes |
| Deoxyribose | sugar that is part of DNA backbone |
| Gene | segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
| Repressor | prevents a gene from being expressed, blocks movement of RNA polymerase |
| Intron | non- coding portions of DNA |
| Exon | coding portions of DNA, codes for proteins |
| Point mutation | one nucleotide changes/switched |
| Frameshift mutation | inserting or deleting a nucleotide, causing nucleotides to shift, changes nearly every amino acid code in the protein from that point |
| Genetics | the study of heredity |
| Gregor Mendel | monk who is known as the father of genetics |
| Monohybrid Cross | genetic cross involving one trait |
| Phenotype | physical characteristic |
| Homozygous | genotype with two alike (same) alleles |
| Heterozygous | genotype with two different alleles |
| Genotype | the alleles of an individual |
| Allele | way to represent a gene, can be in two forms (dominant or recessive) |
| Dominant | expressed form of a trait, represented by a capital letter |
| Recessive | “hidden” form of a trait, takes 2 recessive alleles. Represented by a lower case letter. |
| Radiometric dating | estimation of the age of an object by measuring its radiation content |
| Endosymbiosis | certain organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) originated as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell |
| Population | all individuals of a species living in a specific place |
| Natural selection | individuals who are the most “fit” will survive and pass on their traits over those “unfit” individuals |
| Adaptation | phenotype that provides some type of survival advantage |
| Genetic drift | is the change in the frequency of a gene (allele) in a population due to randomness |
| Migration | The transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another |
| Gradualism | gradual change over time |
| Punctuated equilibrium | model of evolution that states there are periods of rapid change followed by periods of little or no change |
| Speciation | formation of a new species |
| Vestigial structure | structure with no function (ex. – human appendix) |
| Homologous structure | same structure/different function…shows common ancestry(ex. Human arm & whale flipper) |
| Analogous structure | different structure/same function(ex. the wing of a bat & butterfly) Shows convergent evolution |
| Convergent evolution | the process of a characteristic or adaptation that evolved in two or more separate organisms independently of each other. (Ex: the wing of a bird and a butterfly.) |
| Taxonomy | science of naming and classifying organisms |
| Biological species | group of similar organisms that can breed with one another |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history |
| Cladistics | method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics |
| Virus | DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat; pathogenic |
| Bacteria | unicellular prokaryote that contains a cell wall |
| Pathogen | a disease causing agent |
| Aerobic | a process requiring oxygen |
| Prefix “a” or “an” | makes its root word opposite |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| Antibiotics | medicine that kills bacteria |
| Lytic cycle | virus destroys the cell it uses to reproduce |
| Lysogenic cycle | virus does not destroy the cell it uses to reproduce |
| Vaccine | used to prevent viral infections/diseases; made from weakened or killed viruses, when administered it causes your immune system to create antibodies that will fight off future invasions of the same virus |
| Protist | kingdom made up of mainly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
| Pseudopod(ia) | “false” “foot”, flexible cytoplasmic extensions used by amoeba |
| Flagella | long hair like structure that grows out of cell and helps the cell move |
| Cilia | tightly packed rows of short flagella used for movement |
| Chitin | type of polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungus, the exoskeleton of insects, & the cuticles of round worms |
| Mycorrhizae | mutualistic relationship between fungus and plants. fungus helps supply food and water to the plant while the fungus feeds on the CHO produced by the plant. Found in primitive plants |
| Blastula | hollow ball of cells that is formed in early development in all animals |
| Hox genes | genes that control early development in animals and specifically determine the head-to-tail pattern in animal embryos |
| Cephalization | cluster of nerves near head region (ie. Brain) |
| Coelem | true body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm cells |
| Prefix “meso”- | middle |
| Prefix “ecto”- | outer |
| Prefix “pseudo”- | false |
| Root word “stoma”- | mouth |
| Prefix ‘proto’- | first |
| Prefix ‘deutero’ | second |
| Tissue | group of similar cells working together |
| Epithelial tissue | lining of most body surfaces |
| Prefix “osteo”- | pertaining to bone |
| Cardio | pertaining to the heart |
| Plasma | the liquid portion of the blood |
| Digestion | process of breaking down food into smaller molecules |
| Neuron | nerve cell |
| Nephron | tiny tubes in the kidneys |
| Composition | the act of combining parts or elements to form a whole |
| Inhibit | to prevent from doing something |
| “leuko”- | prefix meaning “white” |
| Cuticle | waxy layer of plant tissue that protects the plant and doesn’t allow water or gases through |
| Stoma (stomata) | pores on the underside of a leaf that permit gas exchange |
| Guard cell | specialized cells that border the stoma. They regulate when the stoma is open |
| Vascular plants | plants with a system of tubes used to distribute water and nutrients |
| Phloem | plant tissue that transports food |
| Xylem | plant tissue that transports water |
| Seed | structure that contains the plant embryo |
| Tropism | the growing or turning of an organism in response to a stimulus |
| “photo”- | light |
| Geotropism | plant’s response to gravity |
| Germination | emerge from a seed/spore and begin to grow |
| Dormancy | to temporarily stop |
| Carrying capactiy | the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat |
| Ecology | study of the interactions of living and non-living things in an environment |
| Symbiosis | long term interaction between two or more different species |
| Mutualism | type of symbiosis where both individuals benefit |
| Parasitism | type of symbiosis where one benefits at the other’s expense |
| Commensalism | type of symbiosis where one benefits and the other is completely unaffected |
| Habitat | the place where something lives |
| Succession | progression of species replacement, can be primary-growth where no growth has ever occurred before, or secondary-growth where there has been previous growth |
| Trophic level | the position an organism occupies in a food chain/web |
| Biomagnification | is the increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain |
| Detritivore | are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as organic fecal matter) |
| Combustion | burning |
Created by:
devynh
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