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| plot | the series of related actions or events in a literary work
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| sequence | the arrangement of events in a literary work
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| conflict | struggle between opposing forces; any problem that must be solved
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| internal and external | the two major types of conflict
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| internal conflict | a problem or struggle within a character
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| external conflict | a problem or struggle between a character and someone or something outside of the character
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| exposition | establishes the setting, identifies the characters, introduces the basic situation (problem may be revealed here)
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| initiating incident | introduces the central conflict (sometimes it occurs before the opening of the story)
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| rising action | any events leading up to the climax
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| climax | point of highest interest, conflict must be resolved one way or another or a character takes action to end the conflict
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| falling action | events that occur between the climax and the conclusion
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| conclusion/resolution | the story's end
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| setting | the time and place of the story (where and when it takes place)
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| suspense | the quality of the story that makes the reader curious and excited about what will happen next
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| foreshadowing | an author's use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story
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| flashback | presents events of the past in the midst of a story in the present
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| mood | the feeling created in a reader by a literary work or passage
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| tone | the attitude toward the subject and audience conveyed by the language and rhythm of the speaker in a literary work
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| character | a person or animal who takes part in the action of a literary work
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| protagonist | the main character in a literary work
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| antagonist | a character or force in conflict with the main character
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| round character | this character is fully developed – the writer reveals good and bad traits as well as background
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| flat character | this character seems to possess only one or two personality traits – little or no background is revealed
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| dynamic character | this character changes as a result of the action in the story
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| static character | this character stays the same throughout the story
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| trait | one of the qualities that makes up a character's personality
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| character motivation | a reason that explains, or partially explains a character's thoughts, feelings, actions or speech
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| dialogue | conversation between characters
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| dialect | a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group
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| jargon | the special words or terms used by the members of a particular profession or class
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| slang | an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words
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| informal language | the language of everyday speech, may use contractions and slang
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| formal language | the standard language of written communication, formal speeches; may not use contractions or slang
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| narrator | the speaker or character who tells the story
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| point of view | the relationship between the narrator and the story he/she is telling - the perspective from which the story is told
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| prose | the ordinary form of writing; most writing that is not poetry, drama, or song
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| fiction | prose writing that tells about imaginary characters and events
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| nonfiction | prose writing that presents and explains ideas about real people, places, objects or events
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| fantasy | highly imaginative writing that has elements not found in real life
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| biography | a form of nonfiction in which a writer tells the life story of another person
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| autobiography | a form of nonfiction in which a writer tells his or her own life story
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| genre | a division or type of literature – generally prose, poetry or drama
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| theme | the message, central concern, or insight into life revealed in a literary work
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| stereotype | a fixed, generalized idea about a character, place, or situation
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| symbol | anything that stands for or represents something else
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| allusion | a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art within a literary work
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| irony | the general name given to literary techniques that involve surprising, interesting, or amusing contradictions
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| verbal irony | words are used to suggest the opposite of their usual meaning or contradict their usual meaning
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| situational irony | an event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the character, the reader, or the audience (a surprise twist)
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| dramatic irony | contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/ audience knows to be true
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| euphemism | an inoffensive word or term used in place of another that is felt to be offensive
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| idiom | an expression having a special meaning different from the usual meanings of the words (example – "hit the road")
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| figurative language | writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally
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| figures of speech | types of figurative language
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| simile | a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike subjects using like or as
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| metaphor | a figure of speech that makes an indirect comparison between two unlike subjects
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| hyperbole | a figure of speech that is an exaggeration for effect
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| personification | a figure of speech in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics
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| alliteration | the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
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| onomatopoeia | the use of words that imitate sounds
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| stanza | a division of poetry similar to a paragraph in prose
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| refrain | a regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song
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| author's purpose | the author's intent either to inform/teach, to entertain, or to persuade/convince the audience
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| voice | the fluency, rhythm and liveliness in writing that makes it unique to the writer
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| satire | literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness
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| primary source | text that tells a first-hand account of an event; original works used when researching (letters, journals)
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| secondary source | text used when researching that is derived from something original (biographies, magazine articles)
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| text structure | the author's method of organizing text
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| inference | understanding gained by "reading between the lines;" judgment based on reasoning rather than direct statement
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| imagery | a word or group of words in a literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses
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| bias | a judgment based on personal point of view
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| generalization | a conclusion that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person
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| editorial | a newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinions of the editors or publishers
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| propaganda | techniques used to influence people to believe, buy, or do something
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| name-calling | an attack on a person instead of an issue
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| bandwagon | tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it
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| red herring | an attempt to distract the reader with details not relevant to the argument
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| emotional appeal | tries to persuade the reader by using words that appeal to the reader's emotions instead of to logic or reason
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| testimonial | attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
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| sweeping generalization | makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information
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| circular argument | states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument
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| appeal to numbers, facts, and statistics | attempts to persuade the reader by showing how many people think something is true
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| vocabulary | to teach others vocabulary words
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