Chapter 14: Special Topics
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| aer/o | air
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| chem/o | drug
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| cutane/o | skin
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| derm/o | skin
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| enter/o | intestine
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| hal/o | to breathe
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| iatr/o | physician, medicine, treatment
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| idi/o | distinctive
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| lingu/o | tongue
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| muscul/o | muscle
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| or/o | mouth
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| pharmac/o | drug
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| rect/o | rectum
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| thec/o | sheath (meninges)
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| topic/o | a specific area
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| toxic/o | poison
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| vagin/o | vagina
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| ven/o | vein
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| amnes/o | forgetfulness
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| anxi/o | fear, worry
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| chondr/o | cartilage
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| compuls/o | drive, compel
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| deluss/o | false belief
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| depress/o | to press down
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| electr/o | electricity
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| factiti/o | artificial, contrived
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| hallcuni/o | imagined perception
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| klept/o | steal
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| ment/o | mind
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| obsess/o | besieged by thoughts
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| path/o | disease
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| ped/o | child
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| pharmacy/o | drug
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| phob/o | irrational fear
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| phren/o | mind
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| psych/o | mind
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| pyr/o | fire
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| schiz/o | split
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| soci/o | society
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| somat/o | body
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| somn/o | sleep
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| cry/o | cold
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| cutane/o | skin
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| electr/o | electric current
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| erg/o | work
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| habilitat/o | ability
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| hydr/o | water
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| my/o | muscle
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| orth/o | straight, correct
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| phon/o | sound
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| physic/o | body
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| prosthet/o | addition
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| therm/o | heat
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| anter/o | front
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| fluor/o | fluorescence, luminous
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| later/o | side
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| poster/o | back
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| radi/o | ray (X-ray)
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| roentgen/o | X-ray
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| son/o | sound
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| tom/o | to cut
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| alges/o | pain
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| aspir/o | to breathe in
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| cis/o | to cut
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| cry/o | cold
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| cutane/o | skin
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| dilat/o | to widen
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| electr/o | electricity
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| esthes/o | sensation, feeling
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| hal/o | to breathe
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| hem/o | blood
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| later/o | side
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| lith/o | stone
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| recumb/o | to lie back
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| sect/o | to cut
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| specul/o | to look at
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| tenacul/o | to hold
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| topic/o | a specific area
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| ven/o | vein
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| bi/o | life
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| blast/o | primitive cell
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| carcin/o | cancerous
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| chem/o | drug
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| cyt/o | cell
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| immune/o | protection
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| lapar/o | abdomen
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| laps/o | to slide back
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| miss/o | to send back
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| morbid/o | ill
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| mort/o | death
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| mutat/o | to change
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| onc/o | tumor
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| path/o | disease
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| radic/o | root
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| radi/o | rays (X-rays)
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| tox/o | poison
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| anti- | against
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| contra- | against
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| in- | inward
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| intra- | within
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| para- | near, beside
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| pro- | before
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| sub- | under
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| trans- | through
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| an- | without
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| anti- | against
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| auto- | self
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| bi- | two
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| de- | without
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| dis- | apart
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| ex- | outward
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| hyper- | excessive
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| hypo- | below
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| in- | not
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| ultra- | beyond
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| re- | again
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| trans- | across
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| ultra- | beyond
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| an- | without
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| dis- | apart
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| endo- | within
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| in- | inward
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| intra- | within
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| peri- | around
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| post- | after
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| pre- | before
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| re- | again
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| sub- | under
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| en- | inward
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| hyper- | excessive
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| in- | inward
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| neo- | new
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| re- | again
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -ary | pertaining to
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| -genic | produced by
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| -ical | pertaining to
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| -ist | specialist
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| -logy | study of
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| -phylaxis | protectition
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -ar | pertaining to
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| -ia | state, condition
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| -iatrist | physician
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| -iatry | medical treatment
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| -ism | state of
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| -logical | pertaining to the study of
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| -logist | one who studies
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| -logy | study of
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| -mania | frenzy
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| -orexia | appetite
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| -ous | pertaining to
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| -philia | attracted to
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| -therapy | treatment
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| -tic | pertaining to
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -ar | pertaining to
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| -ior | pertaining to
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| -logist | one who studies
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| -logy | study of
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| -lucent | to shine through
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| -opaque | nontransparent
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| -scopy | process of visually examining
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| -nomics | pertaining to laws
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| -ous | pertaining to
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| -phoresis | carrying
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| -therapy | treatment
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| -tic | pertaining to
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -ia | state, condition
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| -ist | specialist
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| -logist | one who studies
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| -logy | study of
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| -otomy | to cut into
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| -ous | pertaining to
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| -scopic | pertaining to visually examining
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| -stasis | standing still
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| -stat | standing still
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -gen | that which produces
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| -genic | producing
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| -logic | pertaining to studying
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| -logist | one who studies
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| -logy | study of
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| -oma | tumor
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| -opsy | to view
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| -otomy | to cut into
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| -plasia | growth, formation
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| -plasm | growth, formation
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| -therapy | treatment
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| pharmacology | the study of the origin, characteristics, nature, properties and effects of drugs on living organism
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| brand name | name a pharmaceutical company chooses as trademark or market name for its drug; also called proprietary or trade name
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| chemical name | name for a drug based on its chemical formula or molecular structure
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| generic name | recognized and accepted official name for a drug; each drug has only one generic name; this name is not subject to trademark, so any pharmaceutical manufacturer may use it; also nonproprietary name
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| nonproprietary name | recognized and accepted official name for drug; each drug has only one generic name, which is not subject to trademark, so any pharmaceutical manufacturer may use it; also called generic name
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| pharmaceutical | related to medications or pharmacies
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| pharmacist (RPh or PharmD) | receives drug requests made by physicians, and gathers pertinent information that would affect dispensing of certain drugs, reviews patients' medications for drug interactions, provides healthcare workers with information regarding drugs, & educates publi
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| proprietary name | name a pharmaceutical company chooses as trademark or market name for its drug; also called brand or trade name
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| trademark | pharmaceutical company's brand name for drug
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| controlled substancese | drugs that have potential for being addictive (habit forming) or can be abused
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| drug enforcement agency (DEA) | government agency that enforces regulation of controlled substances
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| over-the-counter drug (OTC) | drugs accessible in drugstores without prescription; also called nonprescription drugs
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| prescription | written explanation to pharmacist regarding name of medication, dosage, and times of administration
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| prescription drugs | drug that can only be ordered by licensed physician, dentist, or veterinarian
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| aerosol | drugs inhaled directly into nose and mouth
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| buccal | (1.) pertaining to cheeks; (2.) drugs that are placed under lip or between cheek and gum
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| eardrops | substance placed directly into ear canal for purpose of relieving pain or treating infection
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| eyedrops | substance placed into eye to control eye pressure in glaucoma; also used during eye examinations to dilate pupil of eye for better examination of interior eye
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| inhalation | (1.) to breathe air into lungs; also called inspiration; (2.) to introduce drugs into body by inhaling them
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| oral | (1.) pertaining to mouth; (2.) administration of medication through mouth
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| parenteral | route for introducing medication other than through gastrointestinal tract; most commonly involves injection into body through needle and syringe
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| rectal | (1.) pertaining to rectum; (2.) substances introduced directly into rectal cavity in form of suppositories or solution; drugs may have to be administered by this route if patient is unable to take them by mouth due to nausea, vomiting, and surgery
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| sublingual (SL) | (1.) pertaining to under tongue; (2.)administration of medicine by placing it under tongue
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| suppositories (suppose) | method for administering medication by placing it in substance that will melt after being placed in body cavity, usually rectally, and release medication
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| topical | applied directly to skin or mucous membranes; distributed in ointment, cream, or lotion form used to treat skin infections and eruptions
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| transdermal | route of drug administration; medication coats underside of patch applied to skin ; medication is then absorbed across skin
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| vaginal | (1.) pertaining to vagina; (2.) tablets and suppositories inserted vaginally and used to treat vaginal yeast infections and other irritations
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| abnormal psychology | study and treatment of behaviors outside of normal and detrimental to person or society; these maladaptive behaviors range from occasional difficulty coping with stress, to bizarre actions and beliefs, to total withdrawal
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| clinical psychologist (PhD) | diagnoses and treats mental disorders; specializes in using individual and group counseling to treat patients with mental and emotional disorders
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| normal psychology | behaviors that include how personality develops, how people handle stress, and stages of mental development
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| psychology | study of human behavior and thought process; behavioral science is primarily concerned with understanding how human beings interact with their physical environment and with each other
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| psychiatric nurse | nurse with additional training in care of patients with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
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| psychiatric social worker | social worker with additional training in care of patients with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders
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| psychiatrist (MD or DO) | physician with specialized training in diagnosing and treating mental disorders; prescribes medication and conducts counseling
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| psychiatry | branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
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| occupational therapy (OT)- | assists patients to regain, develop, and improve skills that are important for independent functioning; occupational therapy personnel work with people who, because of illness, injury, developmental, or psychological impairments, require specialized
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| training in skills that will enable them to lead independent, productive, and satisfying lives; occupational therapists instruct patients in use of adaptive equipment and techniques, body mechanics, and energy conservation; also employ modalities | such as heat, cold, and therapeutic exercises
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| physical therapy (PT) | treating disorders using physical means and methods; physical therapy personnel assess joint motion, muscle strength and endurance, function of heart and lungs, and performance of activities required in daily living, along with other responsibilities;
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| physical therapy treatment includes gait training, therapeutic exercises, massage, joint and soft tissue mobilization, thermal and cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and hydrotherapy; methods strengthen muscles, improve motion | and circulation, reduce pain, and increase function
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| anesthesia | partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss consciousness as a result of drug, disease, or injury
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| anesthesiologist | physician who has specialization in practice of administering anesthetics
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| benign | not cancerous; benign tumor is generally not progressive or recurring
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| malignant | tumor that is cancerous; tumors are generally progressive and recurring
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| oncology | branch of medicine dealing with tumors
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| protocol (prot) | actual plan of care, including medications, surgeries, and treatments for care of patient; often entire healthcare team, including physician, oncologist, radiologist, nurse, and patient, will assist in designing treatment plan
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| tumors | abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant; also called neoplasm
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| pathologist | physician who specializes in evaluating specimens removed from living or dead patients
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| staging and M refers to presence of metastases of tumor cells | process of classifying tumors based on degree of tissue invasion and potential response to therapy; TNM staging system is frequently used; T refers to tumor's size and invasion, N refers to lymph node involvement,
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| addiction | acquired dependence on a drug
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| additive | sum of the action of tow (or more) drugs given. In this case, the total strength of the medications is equal to the sum of the strength of each individual drug
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| antidote | substance that will neutralize poisons or their side effects
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| broad spectrum | ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms
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| contraindication | condition in which a particular drug should not be used
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| cumulative action | action that occurs in the body when a drug is allowed to accumulate or stay in the body
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| drug interaction | occurs when the effect of one drug is altered because it was taken at the same time as another drug
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| drug tolerance | decrease in susceptibility to a drug after continued use of the drug
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| habituation | development of emotional dependence on a drug due to repeated use
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| iatrogenic | usually an unfavorable response resulting from taking a medication
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| idiosyncrasy | unusual or abnormal response to a drug or food
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| placebo The effect of the placebo versus the drug is then observed | inactive, harmless substance used to satisfy patient's desire for medication. This also used in research when given to a control group of patients in a study in which another group receives a drug.
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| potentiation | giving a patient a second drug to boost (potentiate) the effect of another drug. The total strength of the drugs is greater than the sum of the strength of the individual drugs.
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| prophylaxis | prevention of disease. For example, an antibiotic can be used to prevent the occurrence of a disease
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| side effect | response to a drug other than the effect desired. Also called and adverse reaction
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| tolerance | development of a capacity for withstanding a large amount of a substance, such as food, drugs, or poison, without any adverse effect. A decreased sensitivity to further doses will develop
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| toxicity | extent or degree to which a substance is poisonous
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| unit dose | drug dosage system that provides prepackaged, prelabeled, individual medications that are ready for immediate use by the patient
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| anxiety disorders | characterized by persistent worry and apprehension
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| panic attacks | feeling of intense apprehension, terror, or sense of impending danger
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| anxiety | feeling of dread in the absence of a clearly identifiable stress trigger
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| phobias | irrational fear, such as arachnophobia, or fear of spiders
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | performing repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety
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| cognitive disorders | deterioration of mental functions due to temporary brain or permanent brain dysfunction
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| dementia | progressive confusion and disorientation
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| Alzheimer's disease | degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities
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| mental retardation | subaverage intellectual functioning
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| attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ASHD) | inattention and impulsive disorder
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| autism | condition involving deficits in social interaction, communication skills, and restricted patterns of behavior
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| dissociative disorders | disorders in which severe emotional conflict is so repressed that a split in the personality may occur or the person may loss memory
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| amnesia | loss of memory
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| dissociative identity disorder | having two or more distinct personalities
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| anorexia nervosa | refusal to eat
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| bulimia | binge eating and intentional vomiting
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| Factitious disorders | intentionally feigning illness symptoms in order to gain attention
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| malingering | pretending to be ill or injured
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| impulse control disorder | inability to resist an impulse to perform some act that is harmful to the individual or others
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| kleptomania | stealing
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| pyromania | setting fires
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| explosive disorders | violent rages
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| pathological gambling | inability to stop gambling
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| mood disorders | characterized by instability in mood
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| major depression | feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness; lack of pleasure in any activity; potential for suicide
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| mania | extreme elation
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| bipolar disorder (BPD) | alternation between periods of deep depression and mania
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| personality disorders | inflexible or maladaptive behavior patterns that affect a person's ability to function in society
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| paranoid personality disorder | exaggerated feelings of persecution
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| narcissistic personality disorder | abnormal sense of self-importance
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| antisocial personality disorder | behaviors that are against legal or social norms
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| passive aggressive personality | indirect expression of hostility or anger
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| Schizophrenia | mental disorders characterized by distortions of reality
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| delusion | a false belief held even in the face of contrary evidence
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| hallucination | perceiving something that is not there
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| sexual disorders | disorders include aberrant sexual activity and sexual dysfunction
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| pedophilia | sexual interest in children
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| masochism | gratification derived from being hurt or abused
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| voyeurism | gratification derived from observing other engaged in sexual acts
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| sleeping disorders | disorders relating to sleeping
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| insomnia | inability to sleep
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| sleepwalking | getting up and walking around unaware while sleeping
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| somatoform disorders | patient has physical symptoms for which no physical disease can be determined
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| hypochondria | a preoccupation with health concerns. Named for the location of the liver and spleen, below the rib cartilage. The ancient Greeks thought these organs controlled moond
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| conversion reaction | anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such a heart palpitations, paralysis or blindness
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| substance-related disorders | overindulgence or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs
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|
||||
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) It is not effective with disorders other than depression, such as schizophrenia and alcoholism. | procedure occasionally used for cases of prolonged major depression. This controversial treatment involves placement of an electrode on one or both sides of the patient's head and a current is turned on briefly causing a convulsive seizure.
🗑
|
||||
| A low level of voltage is used in modern electroconvulsive therapy, and the patient is administered a muscle relaxant and anesthesia. Advocates of this treatment state that it is a more effective way to treat severe depression than using drugs.
🗑
|
|||||
| psychopharmacology | study of the effects of drugs on the mind and particularly the use of drugs in treating mental disorders. The main classes of drugs for the treatment of mental disorders are:
🗑
|
||||
| antipsychotic drugs by reducing patient agitation and panic and shortening schizophrenic episodes. One of the side effects of these drugs is involuntary muscle movements, which approximately one-fourth of all adults who take the drugs develop | major tranquilizers include chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), clozapine (Clozaril), and risperidone. These drugs have transformed the treatment of patients with psychoses and schizophrenia
🗑
|
||||
| antidepressant drugs they can produce unpleasant side effects such as dry mouth, weight gain, blurred vision, and nausea | classified as stimulants and alter the patient's mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, Antidepressants, such as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, are nonaddictive but
🗑
|
||||
| minor tranquilizers | include Valium and Xanax. These are also classified as central nervous system depressants and are prescribed for anxiety
🗑
|
||||
| lithium | special category of drug used successfully to calm patients who suffer from bipolar disorder (depression alternating with manic excitement)
🗑
|
||||
| psychotherapy | a method of treating mental disorders by mental rather than chemical or physical means
🗑
|
||||
| psychoanalysis encourages the patient to discuss repressed, painful, or hidden experiences with the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problem | method of obtaining a detailed account of the past and present emotional and mental experiences from the patient to determine the source of the problem and eliminate the effects. It is a system developed by Sigmund Freud that
🗑
|
||||
| humanistic psychotherapy which builds patient | therapist does not delve into patients' past when using these methods. Instead, it is believed that patients can learn how to use their own internal resources to deal with their problems. The therapist creates a therapeutic atmosphere,
🗑
|
||||
| family and group psychotherapy | often described as solution focused, the therapist places minimal emphasis on patient history and strong emphasis on having patient state and discuss goals and then find a way to achieve them.
🗑
|
||||
| anteroposterior view | positioning the patient so that the X-rays pass through the body from the anterior side to the posterior side
🗑
|
||||
| barium (Ba) | soft metallic element from the earth used as a radiopaque X-ray dye
🗑
|
||||
| film | thin sheet of cellulose material coated with a light-sensitive substance that is used in taking photographs. There is a special photographic film that is sensitive to X-rays
🗑
|
||||
| film badge | badge containing film that is sensitive to X-rays. This is worn by all personnel in radiology to measure the amount of X-rays to which they are exposed
🗑
|
||||
| lateral view | positioning of the patient so that the side of the body faces the X-ray machine
🗑
|
||||
| oblique view | positioning of the patient so that the X-rays pass through the body on an angle
🗑
|
||||
| posteroanterior view | positioning of the patient so that the X-rays pass through the body from the posterior side to the anterior side
🗑
|
||||
| radiography | making of X-ray pictures
🗑
|
||||
| radioisotope | radioactive form of an element
🗑
|
||||
| radiologist | physician who uses images to diagnose abnormalities and radiant energy to treat various conditions such as cancer
🗑
|
||||
| radiolucent | structures that allow X-rays to pass through; expose the photographic plate and appear as black areas on the X-ray
🗑
|
||||
| radiopaque | structures that are impenetrable to X-rays, appears as a light area on the radiograph (
X-ray)
🗑
|
||||
| roentgen | unit for describing an exposure dose of radiation
🗑
|
||||
| scan | recording on a photographic plate the emission of radioactive waves after a substance has been injected into the body
🗑
|
||||
| shield | device used to protect against radiation
🗑
|
||||
| tagging | attaching a radioactive material to a chemical, and tracing it as it moves through the body
🗑
|
||||
| uptake | absorption of radioactive material and medicines into an organ or tissue
🗑
|
||||
| X-ray | high-energy wave that can penetrate most solid matter and present the image on photographic film.
🗑
|
||||
| analgesic | medication to relieve pain
🗑
|
||||
| anesthetic | medication to produce partial complete loss of sensation
🗑
|
||||
| cauterization | use of heat, cold, electricity, or chemicals to scar, burn, or cut tissues
🗑
|
||||
| circulating nurse | nurse who assists the surgeon and scrub nurse by providing needed materials during the procedure and by handling the surgical specimen. This person does not wear sterile clothing and may enter and leave the operating room during the procedure
🗑
|
||||
| cryosurgery | technique of exposing tissues to extreme cold to produce cell injury and destruction. Used in the treatment of malignant tumors or to control pain and bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| day surgery | type of outpatient surgery in which the patient is discharged on the same day he or she is admitted; also called ambulatory surgery
🗑
|
||||
| dissection | surgical cutting of parts for separation and study
🗑
|
||||
| draping | process of covering the patient with sterile cloths that allow only the operative site to be exposed to the surgeon
🗑
|
||||
| electrocautery | use of an electric current to stop bleeding by coagulating blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| endoscopic surgery | use of a lighted instrument to examine the interior of a cavity
🗑
|
||||
| hemostasis | stopping the flow of blood using instruments, pressure, and/or medication
🗑
|
||||
| intraoperative | period of time during surgery
🗑
|
||||
| laser surgery | use of a controlled beam of light for cutting, hemostasis, or tissue destruction
🗑
|
||||
| perioperative | period of time that includes before, during, and after a surgical procedure
🗑
|
||||
| postoperative (post-op) | period of time immediately following the surgery
🗑
|
||||
| preoperative (preop, pre-op) | period of time preceding surgery
🗑
|
||||
| resection | to surgically cut out or remove; excision
🗑
|
||||
| scrub nurse | surgical assistant who hands instruments to the surgeon. This person wears sterile clothing and maintains the sterile operative field
🗑
|
||||
| suture material | used to close a wound or incision. Examples are catgut, silk thread, or staples. They may or may not be removed when the wound heals, depending on the type of material that is used.
🗑
|
||||
| carcinoma in situ (CIS) | malignant tumor whose cells have not spread beyond the original site
🗑
|
||||
| encapsulated | growth enclosed in a sheath of tissue that prevents tumor cells from invading surrounding tissue
🗑
|
||||
| hyperplasia | excessive development of normal cells within an organ
🗑
|
||||
| invasive disease | tendency of a malignant tumor to spread to immediately surrounding tissue and organs
🗑
|
||||
| metastasis | movement and spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. Metastases is plural
🗑
|
||||
| morbidity | number representing the sick persons in p particular population
🗑
|
||||
| mortality | number representing the deaths in a particular population
🗑
|
||||
| mutation | change or transformation from the original
🗑
|
||||
| neoplasm | new and abnormal growth or tumor. These can be benign or malignant
🗑
|
||||
| oncogenic | cancer causing
🗑
|
||||
| primary site | term used to designate where a malignant tumor first appeared
🗑
|
||||
| relapse | return of disease symptoms after a period of improvement
🗑
|
||||
| remission | period during which the symptoms of a disease or disorder leave. Can be temporary
🗑
|
||||
| biopsy (bx) | excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to assist in determining a diagnosis
🗑
|
||||
| cytologic testing | examination of cells to determine their structure and origin. Pap smears are considered a form of cytologic testing
🗑
|
||||
| exploratory surgery | surgery performed for the purpose of determining if cancer is present or if a known cancer has spread. Biopsies are generally performed
🗑
|
||||
| staging laparotomy | surgical procedure in which the abdomen is entered to determine the extent and staging of a tumor
🗑
|
||||
| chemotherapy (Chemo) | treating disease by using chemicals that have a toxic effect on the body, especially cancerous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| hormone therapy | treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormone-like effects
🗑
|
||||
| immunotherapy | strengthening the immune system to attack cancerous cells
🗑
|
||||
| palliative therapy | treatment designed to reduce the intensity of painful symptoms, but does not produce a cure
🗑
|
||||
| radiation therapy | exposing tumors and surrounding tissues to X-rays, gamma rays, neutron, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
🗑
|
||||
| radical surgery | extensive surgery to remove as much tissue associated with a tumor as possible
🗑
|
||||
| radioactive implant | embedding a radioactive source directly into tissue to provide a highly localized radiation dosage to damage nearby cancerous cells. Also called brachytherapy
🗑
|
||||
| computed tomography scan (CT scan) | imaging technique that is able to produce a cross-sectional view of the body. X-ray pictures are taken at multiple angles through the body. A computer then uses all these images to construct a composite cross-section.
🗑
|
||||
| contrast studies | radiopaque substances is injected or swallowed. X-rays are then taken that will outline the body structure containing the radiopaque substance.
🗑
|
||||
| Doppler ultrasonography | use of ultrasound to record velocity of blood flowing through blood vessels. Used to detect blood clots and blood vessel obstructions
🗑
|
||||
| fluoroscopy | X-rays strike a fluorescing screen rather than a photographic plate, causing it to glow. The glowing screen changes from minute to minute; therefore movement, such as the heart beating or the digestive tract moving, can be seen
🗑
|
||||
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emit radio-frequency signals that can be used to create an image | use of electromagnetic energy to produce an image of soft tissues in any plane of the body. Atoms behave differently when placed in a strong magnetic field. When the body is exposed to this magnetic field the nuclei of the body's atoms
🗑
|
||||
| nuclear medicine commonly referred to as a scan | use of radioactive substances to diagnose diseases. A radioactive substance known to accumulate in certain body tissues is injected or inhaled. After waiting for the substance to travel to the body area of interest, the radioactivity level is recorded.
🗑
|
||||
| positron emission tomography This may show an active area of the brain or a tumor | image is produced following the injection of radioactive glucose. The glucose will accumulate in areas of high metabolic activity. Therefore, this process will highlight areas that are consuming a large quantity of glucose.
🗑
|
||||
| radiology | use of high-energy radiation, X-rays, to expose a photographic plate. The image is a black-and-white picture with radiopaque structures such as bone appearing white and radiolucent tissue such as muscles appearing dark.
🗑
|
||||
| ultrasound (US) A computer is able to correlate speed of echo with density and produce an image. Used to visualize internal organs, heart valves, and fetuses. | use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image. Sound waves directed into the body from a transducer will bounce of internal structures and echo back to the transducer. The speed of the echo is dependent on the density of the tissue.
🗑
|
||||
| @ | at
🗑
|
||||
| - a | before
🗑
|
||||
| ac | before meals
🗑
|
||||
| ad lib | as desired
🗑
|
||||
| ante | before
🗑
|
||||
| APAP | acetaminophen (Tylenol)
🗑
|
||||
| aq | aqueous (water)
🗑
|
||||
| ASA | aspirin
🗑
|
||||
| bid | twice a day
🗑
|
||||
| - c | with
🗑
|
||||
| cap(s) | capsule(s)
🗑
|
||||
| d | day
🗑
|
||||
| d/c, DISC | discontinue
🗑
|
||||
| DC, disc | discontinue
🗑
|
||||
| DEA | Drug Enforcement Agency
🗑
|
||||
| dil | dilute
🗑
|
||||
| disp | dispense
🗑
|
||||
| dtd | give of such a dose
🗑
|
||||
| Dx | diagnosis
🗑
|
||||
| et | and
🗑
|
||||
| FDA | Federal Drug Administration
🗑
|
||||
| gm | gram
🗑
|
||||
| gr | grain
🗑
|
||||
| gt | drop
🗑
|
||||
| gtt | drops
🗑
|
||||
| hs | at bedtime
🗑
|
||||
| t | one
🗑
|
||||
| ID | intradermal
🗑
|
||||
| tt | two
🗑
|
||||
| ttt | three
🗑
|
||||
| IM | intramuscular
🗑
|
||||
| inj | injection
🗑
|
||||
| IV | intravenous
🗑
|
||||
| kg | kilogram
🗑
|
||||
| L | liter
🗑
|
||||
| mcg | microgram
🗑
|
||||
| mEq | milliequivalent
🗑
|
||||
| mg | milligram
🗑
|
||||
| mL | milliliter
🗑
|
||||
| no sub | no substitute
🗑
|
||||
| noc | night
🗑
|
||||
| non rep | do not repeat
🗑
|
||||
| NPO | nothing by mouth
🗑
|
||||
| NS | normal saline
🗑
|
||||
| od | overdose
🗑
|
||||
| oint | ointment
🗑
|
||||
| OTC | over the counter
🗑
|
||||
| oz | ounce
🗑
|
||||
| - p | after
🗑
|
||||
| pc | after meals
🗑
|
||||
| PCA | patient-controlled administration
🗑
|
||||
| PDR | Physician's Desk Reference
🗑
|
||||
| per | with
🗑
|
||||
| po | by mouth
🗑
|
||||
| prn | as needed
🗑
|
||||
| pt | patient
🗑
|
||||
| q | every
🗑
|
||||
| qam | every morning
🗑
|
||||
| qh | every hour
🗑
|
||||
| qhs | at bedtime
🗑
|
||||
| qid | four times a day
🗑
|
||||
| qs | quantity sufficient
🗑
|
||||
| Rx | take
🗑
|
||||
| - s | without
🗑
|
||||
| Sig | label as follows/directions
🗑
|
||||
| sl | under the tongue
🗑
|
||||
| sol | solution
🗑
|
||||
| -- ss | one-half
🗑
|
||||
| stat | at once/immediately
🗑
|
||||
| Subc, SubQ | subcutaneous
🗑
|
||||
| suppose, supp | suppository
🗑
|
||||
| susp | suspension
🗑
|
||||
| syr | syrup
🗑
|
||||
| T, tbsp | tablespoon
🗑
|
||||
| t, tsp | teaspoon
🗑
|
||||
| tab | tablet
🗑
|
||||
| tid | three times a day
🗑
|
||||
| TO | telephone order
🗑
|
||||
| top | apply topically
🗑
|
||||
| VO | verbal order
🗑
|
||||
| wt | weight
🗑
|
||||
| x | times
🗑
|
||||
| AD | Alzheimer's disease
🗑
|
||||
| ADD | attention-deficit disorder
🗑
|
||||
| ADHD | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
🗑
|
||||
| BPD | bipolar disorder
🗑
|
||||
| CA | chronological age
🗑
|
||||
| DSM | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
🗑
|
||||
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy
🗑
|
||||
| MA | mental age
🗑
|
||||
| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
🗑
|
||||
| OCD | obsessive-compulsive disorder
🗑
|
||||
| SAD | seasonal effective disorder
🗑
|
||||
| 67GA | radioactive gallium
🗑
|
||||
| 99mTc | radioactive technetium
🗑
|
||||
| 131I | radioactive iodine
🗑
|
||||
| 201TI | radioactive thallium
🗑
|
||||
| 133Xe | radioactive xenon
🗑
|
||||
| Angio | angiography
🗑
|
||||
| AP | anteroposterior
🗑
|
||||
| Ba | barium
🗑
|
||||
| BaE | barium enema
🗑
|
||||
| CAT | computerized axial tomography
🗑
|
||||
| Ci | curie
🗑
|
||||
| CT | computerized tomography
🗑
|
||||
| CXR | chest X-ray
🗑
|
||||
| decub | lying down
🗑
|
||||
| DI | diagnostic imaging
🗑
|
||||
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography
🗑
|
||||
| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy
🗑
|
||||
| Fx | fracture
🗑
|
||||
| GB | gallbladder X-ray
🗑
|
||||
| IVC | intravenous cholangiogram
🗑
|
||||
| IVP | intravenous pyelogram
🗑
|
||||
| KUB | kidneys, ureters, bladder
🗑
|
||||
| LAT | lateral
🗑
|
||||
| LGI | lower gastrointestinal series
🗑
|
||||
| LL | left lateral
🗑
|
||||
| mA | milliampere
🗑
|
||||
| mCi | millicurie
🗑
|
||||
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography
🗑
|
||||
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
🗑
|
||||
| NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance
🗑
|
||||
| PA | posteroanterior
🗑
|
||||
| PET | positron emission tomography
🗑
|
||||
| PTC | percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
🗑
|
||||
| R | roentgen
🗑
|
||||
| Ra | radium
🗑
|
||||
| rad | radiation-absorbed dose
🗑
|
||||
| RL | right lateral
🗑
|
||||
| RRT | registered radiologic technologist
🗑
|
||||
| UGI | upper gastrointestinal series
🗑
|
||||
| US | ultrasound
🗑
|
||||
| AAROM | active assistive range of motion
🗑
|
||||
| ADL | activities of daily living
🗑
|
||||
| AROM | active range of motion
🗑
|
||||
| EMG | electromyogram
🗑
|
||||
| e-stim | electrical stimulation
🗑
|
||||
| LE | lower extremity
🗑
|
||||
| OT | occupational therapy
🗑
|
||||
| PROM | passive range of motion
🗑
|
||||
| PT | physical therapy
🗑
|
||||
| ROM | tange of motion
🗑
|
||||
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical stimulation
🗑
|
||||
| UE | upper extremity
🗑
|
||||
| US | ultrasound
🗑
|
||||
| D & C | dilation and curettage
🗑
|
||||
| Endo | endoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| EUA | exam under anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| GA | general anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| I & D | incision and drainage
🗑
|
||||
| MUA | manipulation under anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| OR | operating room
🗑
|
||||
| PARR | postanesthetic recovery room
🗑
|
||||
| preop, pre-op | preoperative
🗑
|
||||
| prep | preparation, prepared
🗑
|
||||
| T & A | tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
🗑
|
||||
| TAH | total abdominal hysterectomy
🗑
|
||||
| TURP | transurethral resection of prostate
🗑
|
||||
| bx | biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| Ca | cancer
🗑
|
||||
| chemo | chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| CIS | carcinoma in situ
🗑
|
||||
| 5-FU | 5-fluorouracil
🗑
|
||||
| GA | gallium
🗑
|
||||
| mets | metastases
🗑
|
||||
| MTX | methotrexate
🗑
|
||||
| prot | protocol
🗑
|
||||
| st | stage
🗑
|
||||
| TNM | tumor, nodes, metastases
🗑
|
||||
| capsul/o | to box
🗑
|
||||
| cry/o | cold
🗑
|
||||
| cutane/o | skin
🗑
|
||||
| electr/o | electric current
🗑
|
||||
| habilitat/o | ability
🗑
|
||||
| hydro | water
🗑
|
||||
| my/o | muscle
🗑
|
||||
| orth/o | straight, correct
🗑
|
||||
| phon/o | sound
🗑
|
||||
| physic/o | body
🗑
|
||||
| prosthet/o | addition
🗑
|
||||
| therm/o | heat
🗑
|
||||
| 6y |
🗑
|
||||
| q |
🗑
|
||||
| 2ww
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
Bearlover
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