Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians - Chapter 9
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| Cold-blooded | Regulate their temperature by external means
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| Fish | Aquatic vertebrates possessing gills, fins, and scales
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| Ichthyologists | Scientists who study fish
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| Fish have glands in their skin that secrete a protective layer of slimy ______ to reduce _____. | mucus,drag
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| Lobe-finned fish | Have webbed rays attached to the body by a lobe; Lungfish and coelacanths
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| Fins | Distinguish fish from other vertebrae
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| Name the two groups bony fish are divided into. | Ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish
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| Caudal fin | Sticks out from the fish's tail and is used as a propeller
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| What type of fins help stabilize the fish while swimming | dorsal, anal
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| Dorsal fin(s) | The prominent fin on the top of the fish
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| Anal fin | The fin behind the pelvic fin
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| Pelvic fin | Located below the pectoral fins on the fish's underside; act as rudders, paddles, and brakes
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| Pectoral fins | Located on the sides of the fish beteen the gills
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| What are Rays (spines) made of? | Thin rods of bone or cartilage
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| Ray-finned fish | Include most bony fish, posses fins made of webs of skin supported by rays or spines
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| Scales | Bony overlapping plates that protrude from the fish's skin
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| What are the four basic scale shapes? | Placoid, Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid
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| Myomeres | The W shaped bands in a fish's body; The Part of a fish that is eaten; powerful Skeletal muscles
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| Gills | Fish uses these to extract oxygen from the water
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| What sucks the oxygen out of the water in the gills? | gill filaments
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| As the fish takes in water through its mount, the water is filtered by the gill filaments before exiting the ____ _____. | gill slits
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| Operculum | hard, movable plate that protects and cover all the dilicate respiratory anatomy
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| Fish have a ____-_________ heart with one ______ and one _________. | two-chambered, atrium, ventricle
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| In most fish, the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach make a _______ ______ so that the prey can be swallowed ______. | straight line, whole
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| Fry | Young fish
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| Livebearers | Fish that give birth to live young
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| Swim bladder | A large gas-filled organ located high in the fish's body that allows the fish to stay suspended in any debth of water
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| What are the two ways fish produce light? | A light producing organ called the photophore or from bacteria that is bioluminescent [capable of glowing]
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| Electric organs | Some fish use this to generate electricity
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| Spawning | To lay large quantities of eggs in the water.
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| Anus | Where solid wastes are removed from the fish
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| Gas glands | Introduce a heavy gas (carbon dioxide) into the bladder to pressurize it so it does not collapse; this allows the fish to float at its new depth
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| Roe | Eggs
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| Milt | A fluid that contains the sperm that a male fish releases when he swims over the roe
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| Sharks | Chondrichthians with a body design similar to bony fish
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| What are the differences between sharks and fish? | Sharks lack a swim bladder, have more complex reproductive systems, and have gill slits without operculums
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| Denticles, what group of scales are they? | Placoid scales that sharks are covered with; they do not overlap like most fish scales do
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| Spiracles | Paired holes for inhalation that a shark has behind their eyes
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| Describe a batoid. | Cartilaginous fish with flattened bodies
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| What does the Batoid order include? (4) | True rays, electric rays, skates, and sawfish
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| What are the "big three" attacking sharks? | The great white, the bull, and the tiger shark.
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| Pups | Shark young
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| Mermaid's purse | A rigid capsule that has long tendrils coming off the ends that carries eggs
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| Neutrally buoyant | To neither rise or sink but remain at the current depth; Sharks can almost accomplish this
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| Great White Shark | The biggest carnivorous fish
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| Eye shine | Caused when an animal has reflective plates lining its eyes, which allows the animal to more fully use any available light
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| True rays | Have broad bodies and generally have long, whip-like tails, most are marine bottom-dwellers
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| Stingray | A true ray that is non aggressive, has a venomous barb on its tail, is responsible for more injuries to people than all other fish combined
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| Skates | Non-venomous batoids with long noses
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| Electric ray [torpedo] | It kills its prey with electric charges generated by special organs located behind each eye
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| Rostrum | A long saw-fish nose that is long and cartilaginous with sharp tooth-like projections
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| Sawfish | A cartilaginous fish that looks like a shark but behaves like a ray
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| Chimeras | Bottom dwellers that are found in temperate ocean water, that have a bulky head and large eyes
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| What are the three families within the Chimeras? | Short-nosed, long nosed, and plow-nosed chimeras
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| Short-nosed Chimaras [ratfish] | Found in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and have rounded or cone-shaped noses
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| Plow-nosed chimeras [elephant fish] | Have trunk like noses
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| Long-nosed chimeras [spookfish] | Not much is known about them because the inhabit the deepest water have pointed or paddle shaped noses
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| Class Cycostomata | Hagfish and Lampreys
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| Hagfish and lampreys | Cartilaginous fish with and eel-like appearance; lack jaws, bones, scales, and fins but have pore-like gill openings
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| Slime glands | Hagfish possess these; excrete slime making the hagfish hard to hold, able to suffocate prey, ward off predators, and line burrow walls
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| Reptiles (name the five groups) | Coldblooded vertebrates that include lizards, crocodilians, snakes, turtles, and tuataras
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| Herpetologists | The scientists who study reptiles and amphibians
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| Keratinized | To harden with keratin
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| Amnion | A special protective layer that protects a reptile's eggs
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| Lizards | The most numerous reptiles; diverse and found in every climate, are mostly found in hot climates
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| Gecko | small, flat-bodied lizards that are nocturnal insectivores and highly vocal
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| The Komodo dragon | The largest lizard
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| Chromatophores | Color containing cells beneath the skin of some species of lizards, which allows them to change color
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| Regenerate | To grow back
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| Gila monsters | One of the two venomous lizards [the other one is the Mexican beaded lizard]
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| Spectacle | Geckos have this immovable, transparent eye covering
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| Iguanids | A herbivorous lizard group found throughout North and South America composed of iguanas and other similar species
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| Dewlaps | Ornamental crests, frills, and throat fans
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| Anoles | Common lizards usually green or brown
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| Marine iguana | The only lizard to have a truly aquatic life style
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| Chameleons | Arboreal lizards found primarily in Africa and Madagascar
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| Skinks | Lizards with elongated bodies covered in smalll, overlapping scales
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| Snakes | Legless reptiles with a unique body design
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| What are the four way snakes move? | Lateral undulation, concertina movement, sidewinding movement, and rectinlinear movement
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| Lateral undulation | One way snakes move; accomplished by the snake following an S shape and exerting force against surface irrugualraites
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| Rectilinear movement | The snake alternately stretches and shortens its body segments, allowing portions of its belly to rest on the ground while other areas are lifted up and stretched forward; slow but effective for stalking prey
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| Concertina movement | The snakes acts like an accordion it coils back and forth
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| Sidewinding movement | When a snake lifts its body off the ground and throws it sideways; this is done on sandy surfaces
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| Molt | To shed skin
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| Jacobson's organ | A cavity that allows the snake to ssmell
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| To consume the large meals that snakes catch, they were given a set of ________-_________ jaws. | Double-hinged
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| Clutches | Snake litters
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| Venom | A poisonus liquid containg enxymes and chemicals that destroy portions of the body
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| Fangs | Long grooved or hollow teeth designed to inject venom in their victim, snakes that have poison have this type of teeth
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| Hemotoxic venom | Works more slowly that Neurotoxin venom; Makes the victims's red blood cells in the circulatroy system burst
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| Neurotoxic venom | Attacks the nervous system, causing blindness and paralyzing the diaghragm so that the victim suffocates
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| Antivenin | Medicine designed to counteract snake venom
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| Constrictors | Slow-moving snaks that coil around their prey and squeeze [constrict] until they die
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| Name two groups of constrictor snakes. | The boa and the python
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| Pythons are one of the few snakes that _______ their eggs. | brood
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| Boas are generally found in the ____ _______. | New World
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| Colubrids | The largest group of snakes
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| Blind snakes | The world's smallest snakes; burrow through the ground by pushing through the dirt with their hardened skull
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| What are the two common families of poisonous snakes? | Vipers and elapids
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| Kraits | The Asian elapids that have huge venom glands that can be 1/3 the length of their body
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| Sea snakes | A group of marine elapids found in Asia and the Pacific Ocean
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| Coral snake | What North and South American snakes belonging to the elapids family belongs to
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| The viper family is divided into two groups: the _____ ____ ______ and the ____ ______. | Old World vipers, pit vipers
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| Pit organ | A special depression on the front of their head between their eyes and nostrils; detect temperature changes and allow the snake to locate warm bodies in the dark; Pit Vipers (Like the rattlesnake) have this
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| Turtles | The only reptiles with shells`
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| Plastron | covers the abdomen of a turtle's shell
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| Carapace | Covers the back of the turtle
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| Scutes | The "squares" on a turtles shell
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| Marine turtles | Have paddle-like limbs and rarely come on land except to lay eggs
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| Snapping turtles | Common fresh-water turtles found throughout the Americas that have a nasty bite
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| Tortoise | Turtles that only live on land and have elephant-like feet
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| Crocodilians | Include crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials; the largest living reptiles
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| Crocodiles | Swift and aggressive predators that are the largest (living) reptiles
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| Alligators and caimans are ___ __________ and ____ ________ to humans and animals than crocodiles are. | less aggressive, less dangerous
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| Gavials are found only in _____ and ______. | India and Burma
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| Tuataras | Nocturnal, lizard-like animals that are classified by themselves
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| Parietal eye | A third eye tuataras have located on the top of their skull
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| Sir Richard Owen | Coined dinosaurs their name; Dinosaurs means "terrible lizard"
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| Therapods | Carnivorous dinosaurs that walked on two legs
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| Sauropods | Large herbivorous animals that have elephantine leggs and leaf shaped teeth
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| Pterosaurs | Dinosaurs that have a similar body structure to bats
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| Pliosaurs and plesiosaurs | Giant dinosaurs that were of the sea with paddle shaped feet and legs
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| Amphibians | Cold-blooded, vertebrates that are mostly terrestrial but live near water and spend an important part of their life cycle in it
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| Tetrapods | Four legged animals
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| Metamporphosis | The changing of an immature hatchling which does not resemble its parents into and adult which looks like others of that species
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| Where are Salamanders found; describe a salamander | Found worldwide in moisture-rich temperate and tropical regions; elongated bodies that possess a distinct head and neck and usually a long tail
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| What three categories are Salamanders divided into based on their reproduction? Describe where the groups live and breed. | 1. Wholly terrestrial- Live on land and lay their clutches in batches of 20-30 eggs on land
2. Wholly aquatic- live in the water and lay clutches of up to 5000 eggs in the water
3. Newts - amphibious salamanders that live on land but return to the water
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| Newts | Amphibious-Live on land but return to the water for breeding batches of 100-400 eggs
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| Efts | The Juvenile form of a newt; they look similar to adults and live on land
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| Sirens | A unique group of Salamanders that live in shallow water as active predators
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| Estivation | A type of dormancy that sirens will do during a dry season
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| Frogs and toads | Amphibians with strong bodies connected to the head without a neck
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| Amurans | The group frogs and toads belong to
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| Tadpoles | The larvea of frogs and toads
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| A miniature frog adult | Froglet or toadlet
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| Caecilians | Amphibians that are long bodied and limbless; looks like worms and snakes
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| Why are caecilians not classified with worms or snakes? | They are not classified with worms because they have vertebrae and are not classified with snakes because they lack scales
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| Annuli | Folds or rings in the caecilians's body
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| Dermatophagy | Process in which the mothers grows a fatty layer of skin every three days for the young to consume (only caecilians do this)
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| What three sections is the fish divided into | The head, the tail, and the trunk
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| What are the thin rods that are the "bones" of the fin | Rays (or spines)
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| Ray-Finned Fish | Includes most bony fish, possess fins made of web supported by spines
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| Lobe | a single bone surrounded by muscle that supports the webbing of a fin
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| What is system of nerve endings that extend over the fish's head and sides, allowing the fish to sense vibration and pressure changes | The Lateral Line
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| What are the two divisions of cartilaginous fish? | chondrichthyes (Those with Jaws) and cyclostomata (Jawless)
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| What is the primary difference between skates and true rays? | Skates lay eggs
True rays don't
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| What are hagfish best known for | Their scavenging ability, a hagfish will enter a dying fish and eat out its insides, it is so effective a fish on a hook will be ruined if a hagfish sees it
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| Lampreys | Parasites that have a sucking organ and will attach themselves to the sides of fish, found in both fresh and salt water
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| What are the four characteristics of reptiles | Their skeleton continues to grow their entire lifetime, their ribs extend the length of the body, they have scales which cover their entire body, they also are cold-blooded
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| How many species of lizards care for their eggs | Only five species of lizards care for their eggs
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| What is the name of the smallest lizard | a Jaragua Sphaero
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| What are the two types of snake venom? | Neorotoxic and hemotoxic
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| Placoid | scales that are teeth shaped
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| Ganoid | scales that are diamond shaped
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| Cycloid | scales that are round and smooth
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| Ctenoid | scales that are round with sharp barbs
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