A review of the key figures mentioned in AP Psychology.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
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| show | proposed the theory of evolution; the goal of human behavior is to ensure survival and reproduction
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| show | social reformer for imprisoned, poorly treated, mentally ill; worked to establish state hospitals; part of the medical model
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| show | founded the psychoanalytic perspective; developed the five stages of psychosexual development, in each of which a possible fixation can occur
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| G. Stanley Hall | show 🗑
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| William James | show 🗑
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| show | developed classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs
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| Jean Piaget | show 🗑
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| show | one of the founders of the humanist branch of psychology; developed the person-centered theory based on self-concepts; emphasized client-centered therapy
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| show | one of the founders of the humanist branch of psychology; created the hierarchy of needs; stressed the importance of self-actualization
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| B.F. Skinner | show 🗑
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| Mary Floy Washburn | show 🗑
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| John B. Watson | show 🗑
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| show | identified the area of the brain responsible for language; damage to the area results in expressive aphasia, or the inability to produce language
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| show | studied patients of split-brain surgery (cutting of the corpus callosum); noticed no serious effects after surgeries
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| Roger Sperry | show 🗑
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| Carl Wernicke | show 🗑
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| show | defined absolute threshold and the just noticeable difference
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| David Hubel | show 🗑
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| show | along with Hubel, discovered feature detectors
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| Earnest Hilgard | show 🗑
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| Albert Bandura | show 🗑
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| John Garcia | show 🗑
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| Robert Rescorla | show 🗑
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| show | created the Law of Effect: behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, those followed by negative consequences are diminished
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| Edward Toleman | show 🗑
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| show | discovered insight learning by studying chimpanzees
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| show | theorized about the language acquisition device, overgeneralization, and a critical learning period for language
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| Herman Ebbinghaus | show 🗑
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| show | felt eye witness accounts weren't necessarily accurate due to investigator influences and falsey implanted memories
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| show | theorized that short term memory's capacity for most people is "magic number plus or minus 2;" suggested chunking for memorizing
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| show | studied sexual orientation and estimated 10% of the population in the early 1900s were homosexual
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| show | along with Singer, created the Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion, stating emotion is experienced after a cognitive label is applied to stimuli
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| Hans Seyle | show 🗑
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| show | conducted the strange-situation experiment to determine the types of attachment between a mother and child; secure, anxious-ambivalent, and anxious-avoidant attachments were found to exist
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| show | developed the social learning theory, or the social-cognitive perspective; we learn by imitating models (observational learning); believed in reciprocal determinism as a factor of personality; self efficacy
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| show | identified three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive
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| show | developed the eight stages of psychosocial development, each of which contains a possible conflict
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| show | disagreed with Kohlberg due to supposed male/female differences in morality; said females made moral decisions based more on social relationships
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| show | emphasized the importance of physical contact by studying monkeys
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| Konrad Lorenz | show 🗑
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| Lawrence Kohlberg | show 🗑
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| Jean Piaget | show 🗑
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| Lev Vygotsky | show 🗑
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| Alfred Adler | show 🗑
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| Paul Costa and Robert McCrae | show 🗑
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| show | felt the unconscious incorporated both personal and collective unconscious; archetypes are ancestral memories that show up as symbols in many different cultures
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| Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon | show 🗑
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| Francis Galton | show 🗑
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| Howard Gardener | show 🗑
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| show | believed intelligence had two factors, an s factor (specific mental abilities) and a common underlying g factor (general intelligence)
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| Robert Sternberg | show 🗑
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| show | revised Binet's test for use in the US; calculated intelligence using the formula MA/CA x 100
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| David Weschler | show 🗑
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| show | conducted a study showing the power of labeling on people with psychological disorders
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| Aaron Beck | show 🗑
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| show | developed rational emotive behavioral therapy, which purpose is to change the catastrophizing belief that leads to negative consequences
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| show | first to successfully use classical conditioning to recondition a child to overcome a fear
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| show | used the counterconditioning technique of systematic desensitization
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| show | performed experiments on the effects of conformity
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| Leon Festinger | show 🗑
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| Elton Mayo | show 🗑
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| Stanley Milgram | show 🗑
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| show | identified the Pygmalion Effect among students and teachers
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| show | conducted a study on the power of situations and roles by simulating a prison environment
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| Muzafer Sherif | show 🗑
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