Microbes II
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| What is a biofilm? | Group of the same or different microorganisms adhering to a surface and each other
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| Name four reasons microbes form biofilms: | Protection, fixes bacteria in nutrient rich locations, allow bacteria to live closely associated, strength in numbers!
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| What two things does a biofilm protect bacteria against? | physical forces and predators
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| What is an ecosystem? | The interaction of environment and organisms as a functional unit
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| What is ecology? | the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environments
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| What is soil composed of? (5) | Inorganic mineral matter, air, water, organic matter, and living organisms
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| What is microbial ecology? | study of microorganisms in their environment
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| Where do microbes in soil grow? | On soil particles and on plant roots
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| What is the Rhizosphere? | the soil that surrounds plant roots
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| Why are microbes so important for soil? | They are important for soil fertility
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| Name the three layers of soil in descending order: | Layer of undecomposed plant material, surface soil, subsoil
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| Which layer of soil has the most microbial activity? | Middle level - surface soil
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| Who is Selman Waksman? | An undergraduate student who 100 years ago counted how many bacteria where in the soil
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| What is the main task of microbes in the soil? | decomposers
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| What is composting? | a natural microbial process where microbes decompose organic materials into a dark, crumbly, earthy smelling soil conditioner
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| How can composting save money? | reduces fertilizer and water use
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| How is composting good for the environment? | reduces volume of garbage
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| Does composting increase or decrease the temperature? | increase
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| Why is it important to turn your compost pile? | Composting is an aerobic process
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| What is the built environment? | includes all the physical parts of where we live and work
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| What is an indoor ecosystem? | The microbial ecology of buildings
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| What is the human microbiome? | the collective sum of all microbes, bacteria archaea, fungi, other eukaryotics, and viruses living on humans
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| Why did scientists expect to find more genes when mapping the human genome? | because the rest of the excess genetic material was from the human microbiome
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| Which is more likely to resemble each other: the microbial population of your mouth and your vagina or your mouth and someone else's mouth? | mouth and mouth
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| How can people have different populations of microbes? | the microbial metabolic functions matter more than the species of the microbes providing them
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| When does the microbiome first originate? | usually after birth but microbes have been found in utero
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| why are cesarean babies more susceptible to disease? | They do not receive the same microbes as babies that exit the birth canal
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| Why does the diversity of vaginal bacteria change in the first semester of pregnancy? | lactobacillus johnsonii becomes the dominant species because this microbe will aid the baby in the digestion of milk
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| What is eradication? | reduction of an infectious disease's prevalence in the global host population to zero
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| Why is it more dangerous to be isolated from microbes? | It raises the risk of infection and disease because a diverse microbiota in early life is required to have a proper immune system
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| What is a probiotic? | a live microorganism that may confer a health benefit
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| What is a prebiotic? | a non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines
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| What is a synbiotic? | nutritional supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics
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| Who was Elie Metchnikoff? | The first person to observe the positive role of bacteria in the gut
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| When was the term "probiotics" first used? | 1953 - to contrast antibiotics
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| What is an antibiotic? | chemical substance produced by microorganisms and have the capacity to inhibit the growth and destroy other microorganisms
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| What are antibodies? | blood proteins produced in response to a foreign substance they specifically recognize and mark for destruction
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| What is a dietary supplement? | a product intended for ingestion that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to provide nutritional value (not FDA approved)
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| Is there clinal evidence that probiotics work? | no
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| What is a chemostat? | a bioreactor where organisms are constantly fed and some culture liquid is removed to keep volume constant under controlled conditions
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| What is a huge problem in dietary supplement testing? | contamination
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| How can you deliver a diverse population of gut microbes straight to the gut? | fecal transplant
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| What is sterilization? | the killing or removing of all viable organisms
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| What is decontamination? | the treatment of an object to make it safe to handle
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| What is disinfection? | removal of pathogens - not necessarily all microorganisms
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| What is antisepsis? | removal or inhibition of microorganisms on body surface/ living tisse
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| What is heat sterilization? | a widely used method to sterilize media and equipment
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| What is pasteurization? | reduces the microbial load in heat sensitive liquids - does not kill all microbes
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| What kind of radiation can reduce or eliminate microbes? | gamma rays
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| What is the most important group of antibiotics? | B-Lactam
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| What is the problem with antiviral drugs? | viruses only use host machinery (ribosomes) so it is difficult to target viruses only
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| What is the problem with antifungal drugs? | fungi are eukaryotes like us so they are hard to target
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| What do fungi cells have that human cells don't? | a cell wall
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| What is the problem with antimicrobial drugs? | some organisms are naturally resistant to a given antimicrobial
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| What is epidemiology? | branch of medicine dealing with the control of diseases and other factors relating to health
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| What is a host? | any organism harboring a pathogen
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| what is a pathogen? | organisms living on or in the host causing disease
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| What is disease? | damage or injury to the host caused by a pathogenic microbe
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| What is infectious disease? | disease caused by a pathogenic microbe
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| What is pathogenicity? | the ability of a pathogen to inflict damage on the host
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| What is virulence? | measure of pathogenicity; the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
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| What is infection? | situation in which a microbe is established and growing in a host
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| What is microbial/ bacterial pathogenesis? | The manner of development of a disease
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| What is specific adherence? | surface molecules on a pathogen bind specifically to complementary surface receptors on cells of certain host tissues
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| What is non-specific adherence? | bacterial adherence is facilitated by a slime layer or capsule
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| Can pathogens form biofilms? | yes
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| What are invasins? | virulence factors, bacteria proteins that aid in invasion and promote colonization
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| Why do invasins prevent blood from clotting? | protects pathogen from host immune response
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| What is bacteremia? | presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
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| What is septicemia? | bloodborne systematic infection
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| What is toxicity? | the ability to cause disease by means of a toxin that inhibits or kills host cells
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| What is a toxin? | a microbial substance able to cause damage to the host
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| What is an exotoxin? | proteins released from the pathogen cell as it grows; leaves the site of the initial infection
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| What is an endotoxin? | endotoxins are portions of the outer membrane of cell wall released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart
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| What is susceptibility? | lack of resistance to a disease
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| What is immunity? | ability to ward off diseases
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| What is innate immunity? | defense against any pathogen
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| What is adaptive immunity? | immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen
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| What is a compromised host? | one or more resistance mechanisms are inactive and so the probability of infection is increased
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| What is the first line of defense? | Physical and chemical barriers
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| What is the second line of defense? | Inflammatory respinse, antiviral proteins, antibacterial proteins in the blood
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| What is the third line of defense? | The adaptive immune system is a pathogen specific, systemic and has memory
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| What is humoral/antibody immunity? | b-cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
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| What are antigens? | substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response
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| What are antibodies? | proteins produced by the immune system in response to an antigen . antibodies inactivate antigens and tag them for destruction
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| What is cellular or cell-mediated immunity? | t-cells recognize and destroy cells infected with a pathogen
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| What are the two types of adaptive immunity? | naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity (vaccinations)
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| What are the two things that vaccines do? | spare us the symptoms of diseases and use weakened antigens to stimulate an immune response
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| What are autoimmune diseases? | the loss of the immune system's ability to distinguish self from nonself. The body produces antibodies that destroy its own tissues.
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| Who is Robert Koch? | A scientist who in 1876 proved that specific microbes cause specific diseases
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| What are the Koch postulates? | the suspected pathogen must be present in all cause of the disease and be absent from healthy animals
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| What are infectious diseases? | a clinically evident illness resulting from the infection, presence, and growth of a pathogen in a host. Some infections do not cause diseases
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| What are communicable diseases? | a disease that is spread from one host to another
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| What is a contagious disease? | a disease that is easily spread from from one host to another
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| What is a non-communicable disease? | a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
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| What is the morality of a disease? | the incidence of death in a population from the disease
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| What is the morbidity of a disease? | The incidence of disease including fatal and nonfatal diseases
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| What is the incidence of a disease? | the number of new cases of the disease in a given period of time
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| What is the prevalence of a disease? | The total number of new and existing cases in a population in a given time
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| What is the outbreak of a disease? | occurs when a number of cases of a disease are reported in a short period of time
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| What is an endemic disease? | constantly present in a population usually at low incidences
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| What is an epidemic? | occurs in large numbers of people in a population at the same time
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| What is the difference between a host-to-host transfer and a common source transfer? | Host-to-host is when people spread the viruses between them and common source is when it is spread through food and water
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| What is a pandemic? | widespread - usually world wide
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| What is an emerging disease? | an infectious disease that has appeared in a population for the first time or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range
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| How does the modern world encourage the transfer of viruses? | modern transportation, expanding human settlement, and public health failure?
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| What is an infection? | the organisms invades and colonizes the host
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| What is the incubation period? | the time between infection and onset of symptoms
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| What are symptoms? | changes from normal noticed by the patient that indicate the presence of disease
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| What is the acute period? | The disease at the height
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| What is the decline period? | When the disease symptoms are subsiding
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| What is the convalescent period? | the patient retains strength and returns to the normal mode of transmission
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| What is direct host-to-host transmission? | passed from person to person
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| What is indirect host-to-host transmission? | transmission is facilitated by living or nonliving facilitator
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| What are living agents called? | vectors
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| What are nonliving agents called? | fomites
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| What are the two ways that arthropods spread pathogens? | mechanical transmission and biological transmission (pathogens replicate in a living agent)
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| What is zoonosis? | a disease that primarily infects animals and is occasionally transmitted to humans
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| What is a reservoir? | sites (animate or inanimate) in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur
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| What is a carrier? | a pathogen infected individual showing no signs of clinical disease. Carriers are potential sources of infection and are reservoirs
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| What is a HAI | A hospital associated infection
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| How are HAI acquired? | as a result of a hospital stay
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