Pathology Q3
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| hyperemia | a condition which refers to excess blood in a body part
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| active hyperemia | excess blood in a body part which was actively, or purposely, taken there by the arterial system in the body
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| active physiological hyperemia | if the active hyperemia results from a normal, everyday, healthy bodily function
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| active pathological hyperemia | if the active hyperemia is a result of some disease process
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| passive hyperemia | occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased
*always pathological
*localized or generalized
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| localized passive hyperemia | occurs due to formation of a blood clot in a vein, thickening of vessel walls, and/or pressure from an outside lesion
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| generalized passive hyperemia | normally a result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action
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| hypostatic congestion | blood settling to the dependent parts of the body when gravity overcomes the normal flow of blood through the circulatory system
*caused by reduced pressure from the heart
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| cyanosis | bluish discoloration of tissues due to lack of oxygen
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| thrombosis | the formation of a solid mass, or blood clot, within the heart or vessels of the body
*abnormal
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| thrombus | solid mass, or blood clot, that forms within the heart or blood vessels; stays where it forms
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| embolism | the condition of an object having floated through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction of a vessel
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| embolus | a fragment of a blood clot; moves through vessels
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| causes of thrombosis | injury to the lining of the heart or vessels
diseases of the blood itself
slowing of the blood flow
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| causes of embolism | when a thrombus or piece of thrombus breaks loose and lodges elsewhere in the body
clumps of bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells
fat globules
foreign particles
air or gas bubbles
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| ischemia | decreased blood flow to a body part; causes lack of oxygen delivery to the affected part
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| causes of ischemia | thrombus
atherosclerosis
pressure from a growing tumor
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| infarction | an area of tissue which was deprived of it blood supply dies as a result of ischemia
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| ischemic necrosis | infarction
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| infarct | area of dead tissue caused by ischemia
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| dry gangrene | ischemic necrosis
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| moist/true necrosis | necrotic tissue which has been invaded by bacteria; often associated with disturbances to the venous return of blood from an area
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| causes of moist/true necrosis | crushing injuries of the toes & feet
freezing of the tissues which occurs during frostbite
diabetes mellitus
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| hemorrhage | the escape of blood form the vascular system
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| main reason for hemorrhage | a break in the walls of a vessel
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| petechiae | pin-point hemorrhages
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| ecchymosis | larger irregular patches of hemorrhage in the tissue (bruises); localized to area of trauma & circumscribed
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| purpura | widespread areas of hemorrhage into the skin or mucous membranes; not localized nor circumscribed
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| hematoma | tumor-like swelling filled with blood; ex: blood blister
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| melena | very dark, tarry feces or vomitus
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| hemothorax | bleeding into the pleural cavity
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| hemapericardium | bleeding into the pericardial cavity
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| hemoperitoneum | bleeding into the peritoneal cavity
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| hemoptysis | blood in the sputum (or from the lungs)
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| hematemesis | blood in the vomit (or from the stomach)
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| epistaxis | bleeding from the nose
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| coagulation | the process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing form, into a semisolid state
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| circulatory shock | the condition which results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues
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| characteristics of circulatory shock | - state of collapse
- depressed vital signs
- weak, rapid pulse
- low blood pressure
- shallow breathing
- cold & clammy skin, especially in the extremities
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| syncope | fainting; caused by temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain
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| edema | an excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body; extravascular
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| pitting edema | tissues become so waterlogged that they take on a doughy consistency and retain the impression of a fingerprint when pressed upon
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| main causes of edema | - heart failure
- venous or lymphatic obstruction
- increased capillary permeability, such as that which occurs during inflammation
- decreased osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
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| anasarca | generalized or widespread edema
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| exudate | edema which collects around an inflammation site
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| hydrothorax | edema of the pleural cavity
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| hydopericardium | edema of the pericardial caivty
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| ascites | edema of the peritoneal cavity
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| dehydration | decrease in total body fluids; a.k.a. dessication
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| causes of dehydration | - high body temperature during febrile diseases
- high environmental temperatures, which also cause excessive sweating
- gastrointestinal diseases which result in excessive vomiting or diarrhea
- glandular diseases
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| plasma | the liquid portion of blood, which consists of approximately 90% water, fibrin, salts & proteins
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| thrombocytes | platelets/clotting cells
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| erythrocytes | carry oxygen to the tissues of the body & remove carbon dioxide; most numerous of the blood cells
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| leukocytes | important in the body's defense mechanisms, such as phagocytosis & antibody formation
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| types of leukocytes | 1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
4. lymphocytes
5. monocytes
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| platelets/thrombocytes | involved in the process of clot formation
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| anemia | a decrease in the number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin
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| symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath upon exertion, lightheadedness
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| primary anemia | decreased production of red blood cells
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| secondary anemia | increased loss or destruction of red blood cells
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| pernicious anemia | deficiency disease that results from a lack of vitamin B12 being absorbed from the digestive tract, which is important in the normal development of blood cells, including red blood cells (a primary anemia)
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| symptoms of pernicious of anemia | smooth, red, painful tongue & damage to the nervous system
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| aplastic anemia | virtual stoppage of blood cell production in the bone marrow; most serious type of anemia; idiopathic (a primary anemia)
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| sickle-cell anemia | genetic defect in the manufacture of hemoglobin that results in abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells (hemolytic/secondary anemia)
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| erythroblastosis fetalis | problem of blood incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus; mother who is Rh- carries a child who is Rh+ (hemolytic/secondary anemia)
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| leukocytosis | an increase in the number of circulation white blood cells, and is an important defense mechanism of the body when it occurs in a temporary, or transient fashion (iron deficiency anemia)
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| leukemia | a malignancy of the hemopoietic tissues of the body, and is sometimes referred to as "cancer of the blood"
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| leukopenia | decrease in white blood cells
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| polycythemia | increase in the number of blood cells in the body
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| erythrocytosis | increase in red blood cells
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| hemophilia | hereditary bleeding disorder, characterized by a greatly prolonged clotting time for blood; sex-linked inherited disorder; affect males, transmitted by females
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| thrombocytopenia | decreased number of platelets or thrombocytes in the blood
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| purpura (thrombocytopenic purpura) | widespread, spontaneous hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes
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| ecchymosis | bruise-like patches of hemorrhage under the skin
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| petechiae | small, red spots of hemorrhage, often described as "pinpoint" hemorrhages
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