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Pathology Q3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hyperemia | a condition which refers to excess blood in a body part |
| active hyperemia | excess blood in a body part which was actively, or purposely, taken there by the arterial system in the body |
| active physiological hyperemia | if the active hyperemia results from a normal, everyday, healthy bodily function |
| active pathological hyperemia | if the active hyperemia is a result of some disease process |
| passive hyperemia | occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased *always pathological *localized or generalized |
| localized passive hyperemia | occurs due to formation of a blood clot in a vein, thickening of vessel walls, and/or pressure from an outside lesion |
| generalized passive hyperemia | normally a result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action |
| hypostatic congestion | blood settling to the dependent parts of the body when gravity overcomes the normal flow of blood through the circulatory system *caused by reduced pressure from the heart |
| cyanosis | bluish discoloration of tissues due to lack of oxygen |
| thrombosis | the formation of a solid mass, or blood clot, within the heart or vessels of the body *abnormal |
| thrombus | solid mass, or blood clot, that forms within the heart or blood vessels; stays where it forms |
| embolism | the condition of an object having floated through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction of a vessel |
| embolus | a fragment of a blood clot; moves through vessels |
| causes of thrombosis | injury to the lining of the heart or vessels diseases of the blood itself slowing of the blood flow |
| causes of embolism | when a thrombus or piece of thrombus breaks loose and lodges elsewhere in the body clumps of bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells fat globules foreign particles air or gas bubbles |
| ischemia | decreased blood flow to a body part; causes lack of oxygen delivery to the affected part |
| causes of ischemia | thrombus atherosclerosis pressure from a growing tumor |
| infarction | an area of tissue which was deprived of it blood supply dies as a result of ischemia |
| ischemic necrosis | infarction |
| infarct | area of dead tissue caused by ischemia |
| dry gangrene | ischemic necrosis |
| moist/true necrosis | necrotic tissue which has been invaded by bacteria; often associated with disturbances to the venous return of blood from an area |
| causes of moist/true necrosis | crushing injuries of the toes & feet freezing of the tissues which occurs during frostbite diabetes mellitus |
| hemorrhage | the escape of blood form the vascular system |
| main reason for hemorrhage | a break in the walls of a vessel |
| petechiae | pin-point hemorrhages |
| ecchymosis | larger irregular patches of hemorrhage in the tissue (bruises); localized to area of trauma & circumscribed |
| purpura | widespread areas of hemorrhage into the skin or mucous membranes; not localized nor circumscribed |
| hematoma | tumor-like swelling filled with blood; ex: blood blister |
| melena | very dark, tarry feces or vomitus |
| hemothorax | bleeding into the pleural cavity |
| hemapericardium | bleeding into the pericardial cavity |
| hemoperitoneum | bleeding into the peritoneal cavity |
| hemoptysis | blood in the sputum (or from the lungs) |
| hematemesis | blood in the vomit (or from the stomach) |
| epistaxis | bleeding from the nose |
| coagulation | the process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing form, into a semisolid state |
| circulatory shock | the condition which results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues |
| characteristics of circulatory shock | - state of collapse - depressed vital signs - weak, rapid pulse - low blood pressure - shallow breathing - cold & clammy skin, especially in the extremities |
| syncope | fainting; caused by temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain |
| edema | an excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body; extravascular |
| pitting edema | tissues become so waterlogged that they take on a doughy consistency and retain the impression of a fingerprint when pressed upon |
| main causes of edema | - heart failure - venous or lymphatic obstruction - increased capillary permeability, such as that which occurs during inflammation - decreased osmotic pressure of plasma proteins |
| anasarca | generalized or widespread edema |
| exudate | edema which collects around an inflammation site |
| hydrothorax | edema of the pleural cavity |
| hydopericardium | edema of the pericardial caivty |
| ascites | edema of the peritoneal cavity |
| dehydration | decrease in total body fluids; a.k.a. dessication |
| causes of dehydration | - high body temperature during febrile diseases - high environmental temperatures, which also cause excessive sweating - gastrointestinal diseases which result in excessive vomiting or diarrhea - glandular diseases |
| plasma | the liquid portion of blood, which consists of approximately 90% water, fibrin, salts & proteins |
| thrombocytes | platelets/clotting cells |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| erythrocytes | carry oxygen to the tissues of the body & remove carbon dioxide; most numerous of the blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| leukocytes | important in the body's defense mechanisms, such as phagocytosis & antibody formation |
| types of leukocytes | 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils 4. lymphocytes 5. monocytes |
| platelets/thrombocytes | involved in the process of clot formation |
| anemia | a decrease in the number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin |
| symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath upon exertion, lightheadedness |
| primary anemia | decreased production of red blood cells |
| secondary anemia | increased loss or destruction of red blood cells |
| pernicious anemia | deficiency disease that results from a lack of vitamin B12 being absorbed from the digestive tract, which is important in the normal development of blood cells, including red blood cells (a primary anemia) |
| symptoms of pernicious of anemia | smooth, red, painful tongue & damage to the nervous system |
| aplastic anemia | virtual stoppage of blood cell production in the bone marrow; most serious type of anemia; idiopathic (a primary anemia) |
| sickle-cell anemia | genetic defect in the manufacture of hemoglobin that results in abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells (hemolytic/secondary anemia) |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | problem of blood incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus; mother who is Rh- carries a child who is Rh+ (hemolytic/secondary anemia) |
| leukocytosis | an increase in the number of circulation white blood cells, and is an important defense mechanism of the body when it occurs in a temporary, or transient fashion (iron deficiency anemia) |
| leukemia | a malignancy of the hemopoietic tissues of the body, and is sometimes referred to as "cancer of the blood" |
| leukopenia | decrease in white blood cells |
| polycythemia | increase in the number of blood cells in the body |
| erythrocytosis | increase in red blood cells |
| hemophilia | hereditary bleeding disorder, characterized by a greatly prolonged clotting time for blood; sex-linked inherited disorder; affect males, transmitted by females |
| thrombocytopenia | decreased number of platelets or thrombocytes in the blood |
| purpura (thrombocytopenic purpura) | widespread, spontaneous hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes |
| ecchymosis | bruise-like patches of hemorrhage under the skin |
| petechiae | small, red spots of hemorrhage, often described as "pinpoint" hemorrhages |
Created by:
leahmurphy
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