Evolution
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| types of selection | directional, stabilizing, disrupting, sexual
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| directional selection | phenotype moves towards one direction
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| stabilizing selection | the intermediate is favored, extremes die out
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| disrupting selection | the extremes are favored, intermediate dies out
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| sexual selection | sexual dimorphism
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| causes of population variation | mutations, sexual reproduction, diploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism, geographic variation, heterozygote advantage, evolutionary neutral traits, frequency dependent selection
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| mutations | raw material for variation
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| sexual reproduction | new combos of alleles in offspring
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| diploidy | 2 copies of each chromosome (recessive alleles that are disadvantageous are hidden)
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| outbreeding | same species mates with individuals who are not closely related
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| balanced polymorphism | pressure of multiple phenotypes in a population
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| geographic variation | animals in different climates exhibit different phenotypes
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| heterozygote advantage | hybrid is selected for
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| evolutionary neutral traits | traits that appear to have no selective advantage stick around
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| frequency dependent selection | minority is at an advantage
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| speciation | formation of new species
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| species | group of organisms which can produce fertile offspring
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| types of speciation | allopatric, sympatric, adaptive radiation
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| allopatric | caused by geographic isolation
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| sympatric | temporal or behavioral isolation
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| types of sympatric speciation | balanced polymorphism, polyploidy, hybridization
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| polyploidy | more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
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| hybridization | 2 closely related species mate
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| adaptive radiation | environment changes an ancestral species into many species
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| patterns of evolution | divergent, convergent, parallel, coevolution
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| divergent evolution | two species from a common ancestor drift apart over time
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| convergent evolution | 2 unrelated species share similar traits due to a similar enviroment
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| parallel evolution | 2 related species which follow the same evolutionary pattern after diverging from an ancestor
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| coevolution | once species evolves in response to another
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| macroevolution | large changes in groups of species over extended periods
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| types of macroevolution | phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
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| phyletic gradualism | slow changes over time
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| punctuated equalibrium | rapid evolution due to mutation
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| causes of evolution | natural selection, mutations, non-random mating, gene flow, genetic drift
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| natural selection | shaped by the environment
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| mutations | can be as small as a point mutation
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| non-random mating | sexual selection
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| gene flow | movement of alleles into & out of the population
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| genetic drift | random increases or decreases in alleles due to SMALL POPULATION
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| Reproductive Isolation | prezygotic & postzygotic mechanisms
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| prezygotic mechanisms | temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, habitat isolation, mechanical isolation, genetic isolation,
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| postzygotic mechanisms | zygote malfuction, offspring sterility, hybrid breakdown
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| genetic equalibrium | when allelic frequency is stable generation to generation
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