Order Carnivora
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| Carnivora general characteristics | defining: carnassial teeth (most pronounced predaceous carnivores, reduced in omnivores>ursids, procyonids), 3/3 incisors, 3/2 sea otter, canines large conical, cheek teeth vary: 4/4P, 2/3M long faced, 2/2P, 1/1M some cats and short faced
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| Carnivora general characteristics | usually heavy/strong face muscles, C-shaped mandibular fossa (restrict movement 1 plane), large brain-case, morphology: cursorial (digitigrade, some plantigrade), most ancestral 5 digits, clavicle reduced/lost, baculum most, anal sacs/scent glands
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| Suborders | Feliformia: catlike and 6F, tympanic/endotympanic bones in auditory bullae, Caniformia: doglike and 9F, tympanic bone mainly in auditory bullae, also carotid circulation differences
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| Suborder Feliformia, Family: Felidae | (14,40), worldwide not antarctica, australia, madagascar, cheetah 60mph, members Panthera can roar, most proficient specialized meat-eaters: short rostrum, large orbits, rotate paws, pelage patterns, retractile claws not cheetah, good carnassial
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| Feliformia, Family: Herpestidae | (14,33), mongooses, old world, intro to Hawaii and Caribbean, insectivorous, long postorbital process, most 5 toes, digi>semi plantigrade, anal scent glands>carboxylic acid, facial scent glands, largely diurnal, some use tools
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| Feliformia, Family: Eupleridae | (7,8), malagasy mongooses, madagascar, includes malagasy civet, fossa, 7 spp recently listed threatened
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| Feliformia, Family: Viverridae | (15, 35), civets, genets, old world primarily tropical temperate, mostly carnivorous, semi-arboreal, nocturnal ambush, moderate long rostrum, morphology/function diverse: palm civets omnivorous>frugivorous, otter civets semi aquatic, all retractile claws
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| Feliformia, Family: Nandiniidae | (1,1), African palm civet, central africa, forested habitat, herbivorous, some insects, pets
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| Feliformia, Family: Hyaenidae | (3,4), hyenas, old world, specialized for carrion feeding, heavy build, weigh up to 80kg, sloped silouhette, digitigrade 4 toes, odd genitalia and dimorphism: females larger, female have male like external genitalia (enlarged clitoris, vulva fused)
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| more Hyaenidae | spotted hyena females higher testosterone than males, spotted clans up to 80 individuals, territories greater than 30km^2, aardwolf termite feeder, weak dentition, attracted to mounds by sounds (large auditory bullae), raise hair when scared
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Canidae | (13,35), worldwide, wide range habitat, broad adapted carnivores: long rostrum, near complete dental formula (3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3), long strong canine, post carnassial teeth>more flexible diet, lanky good runners, good endurance
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| more family Canidae | diverse diet: carnivore/omnivore, opportunistic, hunt strategy linked to body size/prey size: solitary vs pack
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| wolf taxonomy controversial | Canis lupus: grey wolf old world origin, Canis lycaon: eastern wolf new world origin, readily hybridize: UP hybrid zone
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Mustelidae | (22,59) weasels, badgers, otter, wolverine, world wide, fishers reintroduced to Ottawa National Forest control porcupines, small, long body/short limb, long brain case, short rostrum, well developed carnassials, pentadactyl, well developed anal glands
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| more Mustelidae info | some plantigrade some digitigrade, several species kill larger prey than them, unique reproductive cycle: all prolong copulation to induce ovulation and many delay implantation, conservation/economics: fur bearing species
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Mephitidae | (4,12) skunk/ stink badger, Indonesia & W. Hemisphere, aposematic coloration (warning), well developed scent glands, omnivorous, relatively long rostrum compared to mustelids, largely nocturnal,
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Procyonidae | (6, 14) racoons, ringtails, coatis, olingos, New world only, exhibit structural departure of carnivory: skull premolars well developed, limited shearing action of carnassial, carnivorous, omnivorous, frugivorous, good climbers, plantigrade/pentadactyl
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| more Procyonidae info | manipulative front feet, long tail (prehensile in kinkajou), varied social behavior, popular game animal, rabies spread to humans (common east of Appalachian mountains), semi retractile claws
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Ursidae | (5,8) bears, N.A, Eurasia, Malay Peninsula, SA, NE Africa, include giant panda, plantigrade/pentadactyl, strong forelimbs, Northern species go into winter dormancy, long rostrum, reduced premolars/diastema, large molars/ bunodont occlusal surfaces
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| more Ursidae info | small orbits, omnivorous but varies (polar bears carnivorous, giant panda herbivorous), hunted for hides/fat/meat, persecution for livestock predation, habitat fragmentation
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| Suborder Caniformia, Family: Ailuridae | red panda, monotypic, endemic to Himalayan Mtns, small (3-6kg), folivorous (bamboo) and some insects/fruit, IUCN vulnerable (high risk of extinction), habitat fragmentation
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| Pinnipedia (aquatic caniformia) | pinnae small/absent, tail rudimentary/absent, limbs distal to elbow & knees exposed, clavicle absent, humerus/radius/ulna short & heavy build, pollex long (lead edge foreflipper), pelvic girdle reduced, fusiform body, nostrils voluntarily controlled
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| more pinnepedia info | partially telescoped skulls, rostrum shortened, homodont dentition, 90-36000kg, diving adaptations: large lungs, respiratory tract rigid (cartilaginous bundles), large blood volume, redistribute blood so directed to heart/brain/major muscles
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| Pinnepedia, Order: Odobenidae | walrus, up to 1270kg, nearly hairless, no external ears, hind flippers under body terrestrial motion, eat mollusks, tusks open rooted/no enamel used to break ice/hang on/defense, males 4X size females, hunted for meat/oil/ivory, gregarious, vocal, arctic
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| Pinnepedia, Order: Otariidae | eared seals/sea lions, less specialized for aquatic life, hind limbs under body for land motion, propulsion from forelimbs, nails on 3 digits hind flippers, bodies furred, gregarious, vocal, piscivorous, California sea lions circus, hunted meat/hide/oil
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| Pinnepedia, Order: Phocidae | N. hem above 30 degrees, S. hem below 50 degrees, no external ear, shortish foreflippers, furred, heavy fat layers, 80-450kg, 3600kg, most polygynous some monogomous
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| more Phocidae info | deepes divers Weddel seal (1,000ft down), dives 20min usually recorded up to 82min, altered circulation during, overharvest: fur/food/oil, many commercially extinct 1960s, N. elephant seal once down to 20-100 indiv,
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