Fungi, Animals, and Plants
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| Chytridiomycota example: | Parasite on frog skin
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| Zygomycota example: | Black bread mold
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| Glomeromycota example: | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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| Ascomycota example: | Morels & truffels
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| Basiodiomycota example: | Mushrooms & puffballs
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| Basic fungi characteristics: | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic by secreting enzymes, cell walls composed primarily of chitin, more closely related to animals than plants.
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| The storage carbohydrate of fungi is: | glycogen
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| Must fungi are multicellular, but _____ are unicellular: | yeasts
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| Only fungi have what type of cells? | dikaryotic; the cells have two genetically identical nuclei.
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| Microscopic, threadlike filaments that branch rapidly in a food source: | hyphae
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| A mass of aggregated hyphae is called: | mycelium
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| A mushroom is an example of a: | fruiting body
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| Spores are either asexually or sexually reproduced. Asexual spores are called: | conidia. Hyphae can produce conidia by mitosis.
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| Fungi classification is based on: | spore type
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| Chytridomycetes produce motile spores called: | zoospores; some are flagellated.
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| Zygomycetes are fast-growing and prolific. They produce: | zygospores
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| Glomeromycetes only live in association with: | plant roots
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| A fungi-plant root combination is called a: | mycorhizza
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| With mycorhizza, the fungus exchanges minerals and nutrients with the plant roots at structures called: | arbuscules
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| What happens during the mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and plants? | The fungal hyphae absorb water and nutrients from soil and give plants sugar
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| Ascomycetes are a large group of fungi containing various lifestyles which include: | symbiosis, decomposers, parasites, or mutalists. Some are even carnivorous.
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| Ascomycetes are ___ fungi. | sac
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| Basidiomycetes contain familiar fungi such as: | puffballs and mushrooms; they are club fungi.
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| What fungi live in plants but do not trigger disease symptoms? | Endophytes; all plants harbor endophytes.
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| _____________ form the most common types of mycorrhiza. | Glomeromycetes
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| _______ are fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria living among other hyphae. | Lichens
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| In animals, cells bind to the: | extracellular matrix
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| Many animal phyla originated during the: | Cambrian explosion
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| The first branching point animal taxonomy distinguishes a clade with _______ from a clade with ______. | true tissues; no true tissues
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| In parazoans (sponges), cells don't interact to provide specific functions; they do not have ___________. | true tissues
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| Bilaterally symmetrical animals have a head and a tail end. This body plan selects for ________. | Cephalization: sensory organs and a brain are on the head end.
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| Diploblastic means: | two germ layers
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| Triploblastic means: | three germ layers
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| In all phyla except sponges, the embryonic ball of cells called a blastula folds in on itself, forming a | gastrulas
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| The ectoderm develops into the: | skin and nervous system
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| The endoderm develops into the: | digestive tract
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| The mesoderm develops into the: | muscles and circulatory system
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| If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the mouth, the organism is a: | protostome
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| If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the anus, the organism is a: | deuterostome
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| A ________ symmetrical animal may have a coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom. | bilaterally
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| A body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm is a: | coelom
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| An organism with no coelom at all is known as an: | acoelomate
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| A body cavity surrounded on one side my mesoderm and the other side by endoderm is called a: | pseudocoelom
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| What type of digestive tract do animals have if the mouth both takes in food and ejects waste? | incomplete
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| Animals with _________ development resemble adults in their juvenile stage. | direct
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| Indirect development involves what stage of life? | Larval
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| Phylum Porifera example: | sponges
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| Phylum Cnidaria examples: | jellyfish, hydra, coral, and sea anemones.
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| Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ecamples: | fluke, tapeworms, and planarians.
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| Phylum Mollusca examples: | snails, scallops, and squids.
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| Phylum Annelida examples: | earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes; aka segmented worms.
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| Phylum Nematoda example: | roundworms. These are unsegmented worms that are tapered at both ends and who molt their cuticle.
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| Phylum Arthropoda examples: | trilobites, chelicerates, myriapods (millipedes & centipedes), crustaceans, and insects.
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| Crustaceans are a group of: | mandibulates (insects are also mandibulates).
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| Phylum Echinoderma examples: | sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins.
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| Phylum Chordata examples: | humans and many other examples; most are vertebrates.
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| Four characteristics of phylum chordata: | 1. Notochord: develops into a backbone in most cases.
2. Dorsal, hollow nervechord: develops into the spinal chord.
3. Pharyngeal pouches or slits.
4. Postanal tail.
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| What were the first chordates with vertebrae? | Lancelets
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| Ostechthyes means: | bony fish
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| Chondrichthyes means: | cartilage fish
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| Jaws, lungs, precursors, and a bony skeleton first appeared in: | fishes
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| What allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats? | the amnion
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| Amniotes include: | mammals, birds, and non-avian reptiles.
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| Ectotherm means: | cold-blooded
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| What is required for metabolism, growth, and reproduction in plants? | essential elements
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| Which macronutrients are the most abundant? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
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| Soil is a complex mixture of: | rock particles, organic matter, air, and water.
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| What is the dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays called? | humus
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| Topsoil is also known as the: | A horizon
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| What does the B horizon consist of? | clay and soil; aka subsoil.
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| What does the C horizon consist of? | Mostly weathered rocks.
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| What is below the C horizon? | bedrock
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| Symbiotic relationships with what type of bacteria help plants obtain useful forms of nitrogen? | nitrogen-fixing
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| Some bacteria live in growths called ______ on roots. | nodules
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| Vascular tissue forms what system that connects plant roots? | The transportation system
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| The xylem pulls what up through the plant? | water and minerals
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| Xylem transport is explained by what theory? | The cohesion-tension theory. Because of cohesion, when water evaporates from the leaves in a process called transpiration, it pulls adjacent molecules closer to the stomata.
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| What is the Casparian strip? | A waxy barrier that ensures all incoming material passes through cells.
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| What does the phloem push through the plant? | Sugars
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| Roots and fruits, which don't carry out photosynthesis, are called: | sinks.
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| What does the pressure-flow theory explain? | Movement throughout the phloem.
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| Parasitic plants tap into the vascular tissue of a host plant. Name an example: | misletoe
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| Explain the pressure-flow theory of transport: | the pressure-flow theory suggests that phloem sap moves under positive pressure from "sources" to "sinks".
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| What exactly is a plant "source"? | any plant part that produces or releases sugars.
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| What exactly is a plant "sink"? | any plant part that does not photosynthesize. Sinks include flowers, fruits, roots, storage organs, and shoot apical meristems.
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| Flowers and seeds are produced by angiosperms that _______ reproduce, yielding genetically ______ offspring with traits derived from both parents. | sexually; unique
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| When is asexual reproduction advantageous? | When conditions in the environment are stable and plants are well adapted to their surroundings.
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| The angiosperms life cycle is called the: | Alternation of Generations
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| A flowering plant missing male reproductive parts will still have: | an embryo sac and egg cells.
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| What are the 2 results of double fertilization? | a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.
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| What are cotyledons? | "Seed leaves" of the embryo where shoots and roots form.
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| What hormone stimulates fruit development, controls elongation of cells in a stem, and suppresses growth of lateral buds? | Auxins
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| What do Cytokinin hormones do? | Promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
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| Auxins are primarily released from the ____ ____, and Cytokinins are primarily released from the ____. The counteracting effect of these hormones is called ______ ____________. | shoot tip; roots; apical dominance.
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| Which hormone stimulates shoot elongation? Used by farmers to stimulate stem elongation and fruit growth. | Gibberellins
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| Which hormone stimulates fruit ripening as well as shedding of leaves, flowers, and fruits? | Ethylene
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| ______ acid inhibits shoot growth, maintains seed dormancy, and stimulates closure of stomata and shedding of plant parts? | Abscisic
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| As auxin molecules migrate away from the light, they accumulate on the _____ side of the stem. | shaded
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| The photoreceptor in plants is called: | phytochrome
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| Phytochrome helps plants sense what? | day length
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| Directional growth in response to gravity is known as: | gravitropism
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| Statoliths sink to the bottom of cells and therefore might help plants detect: | gravity
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| The reaction of plants responding to touch is known as: | thigmotropism
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| During ________, metabolism changes from synthesis to breakdown. | senescence
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| Leaves at a high level of ethylene separate from the tree at what zone? | The abscission zone.
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| Whorl 1, also known as the Calyx, contains which flower parts? | Sepals
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| Whorl 2, also known as the Corolla, contains which flower parts? | Petals
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| Whorl 3, made of male reproductive parts, contains what? | The stamen, which is made up of the anther and the filament.
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| Whorl 4, made of female reproductive parts, contains what? | The carpel, which is made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary.
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