Microbiology
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| genomics | the study of an organism's entire genome
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| chromosome | a discrete cellular structure composed of neatly packaged DNA molecule
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| gene | a segment of DNA the encodes for the RNA to make a proten
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| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism
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| phenotype | the expression of the genotype to create traits
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| replication | the process of duplicating DNA to pass on to offspring
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| helicase | enzyme that unzips DNA
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| primase | enzyme the synthesized an RNA primer
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| DNA polymerase III | enzyme that adds new DNA bases in DNA replication
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| ligase | enzyme that functions like molecular glue
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| transcription | synthesizing an RNA molecule using DNA as the template
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| translation | reading an RNA molecule to produce proteins
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| codon | a triplet of nucleotides which encode for a particular amino acide
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| intron | in eukaryotic cells the sequences of RNA that are removed when processing an mRNA molecule
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| exon | in eukaryotic cells, the sequences of RNA that encode for the protein
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| operon | in prokarotes, a set of genes that are regulated as a single unit
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| conjugation | attachment of two related species to form a bridge using a pilus to transfer DNA. plasmid mediated
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| transformation | the uptake of naked DNA by a competent cell
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| transduction | the transfer of DNA mediated by the action of bacterial virus (bacteriophage)
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| plasmid | extrachromosomal DNA that carry genes that are not required for cell growth but may confer an adaptive advantage such as antibiotic resistance
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| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria
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| transposons | transposable elements or jumping genes, peices of DNA which can move from one part of the genome to another
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| mutation | any change in the DNA sequence
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| spontaneous mutation | a random change in the DNA that arises from errors in replication
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| induced mutation | a mutation caused by exposure to a mutagen
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| mutagen | physical or chemical agents which cause mutations
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| point mutation | addition, deletion or substitution of a singe base
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| missense mutation | point mutation that results in expression of different amino acid
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| nonsense mutation | point mutation that result in a stop codon
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| silent mutation | point mutation which does not change the amino acide
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| frameshift mutation | insertions or deletions which shifts the reading frame of the mRNA
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| inducible operon | an operon that is normally 'off' but can be switched on, example lac operon
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| repressible operon | an operon that is normally 'on' but can be switched off when an excess of the product is available, example trp operon
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Created by:
DrBerlyn
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