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Microbial Genetics
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genomics | the study of an organism's entire genome |
| chromosome | a discrete cellular structure composed of neatly packaged DNA molecule |
| gene | a segment of DNA the encodes for the RNA to make a proten |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| phenotype | the expression of the genotype to create traits |
| replication | the process of duplicating DNA to pass on to offspring |
| helicase | enzyme that unzips DNA |
| primase | enzyme the synthesized an RNA primer |
| DNA polymerase III | enzyme that adds new DNA bases in DNA replication |
| ligase | enzyme that functions like molecular glue |
| transcription | synthesizing an RNA molecule using DNA as the template |
| translation | reading an RNA molecule to produce proteins |
| codon | a triplet of nucleotides which encode for a particular amino acide |
| intron | in eukaryotic cells the sequences of RNA that are removed when processing an mRNA molecule |
| exon | in eukaryotic cells, the sequences of RNA that encode for the protein |
| operon | in prokarotes, a set of genes that are regulated as a single unit |
| conjugation | attachment of two related species to form a bridge using a pilus to transfer DNA. plasmid mediated |
| transformation | the uptake of naked DNA by a competent cell |
| transduction | the transfer of DNA mediated by the action of bacterial virus (bacteriophage) |
| plasmid | extrachromosomal DNA that carry genes that are not required for cell growth but may confer an adaptive advantage such as antibiotic resistance |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| transposons | transposable elements or jumping genes, peices of DNA which can move from one part of the genome to another |
| mutation | any change in the DNA sequence |
| spontaneous mutation | a random change in the DNA that arises from errors in replication |
| induced mutation | a mutation caused by exposure to a mutagen |
| mutagen | physical or chemical agents which cause mutations |
| point mutation | addition, deletion or substitution of a singe base |
| missense mutation | point mutation that results in expression of different amino acid |
| nonsense mutation | point mutation that result in a stop codon |
| silent mutation | point mutation which does not change the amino acide |
| frameshift mutation | insertions or deletions which shifts the reading frame of the mRNA |
| inducible operon | an operon that is normally 'off' but can be switched on, example lac operon |
| repressible operon | an operon that is normally 'on' but can be switched off when an excess of the product is available, example trp operon |
Created by:
DrBerlyn
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