Specific types of Cancers
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| a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen. | leukemia
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| leukemia occurs in all age groups but most common in | children and young adults
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| leukemia results in an accumulation of dysfunctional cells because of a loss of | regulation in cell division
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| symptoms of leukemia | A-anemia N-neutropenia T-thrompocytopenia
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| classification of leukemia can be done base on acute and chronic and the type of WBCs involved. The terms acute and chronic refer to the | cell maturity and nature of disease onset
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| characterized by the clonal proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells, develops following malignant transformation of a singly type of immature hematopoeitic cell, followed by cellular replication and expansion of that malignant clone | acute leukemia
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| involve more mature forms of the WBC, and the disease onset is more gradual | chronic leukemia
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| four major types of leukemia | acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cute myelogenous leukemia (AML) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) chronic lymphoctyic leukemia (CLL)
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| onset is abrupt and dramatic, pt may have serious infections and abnormal bleeding from onset. uncontrolled proliferation of myeloblasts, the precursors of granulocytes | acute myelogenous leukemia
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| most common type of leukemia in children, immature lymphocytes proliferate in the bone marrow. fever time of diagnosis. abruptly w/ bleeding, fever, insidious w/ progressive weakness, fatigue, bone and/or joint pain. CNS problems and leukemic meningitis | acute lymphocytic leukemia
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| four phases of chemotherapy for treatment of ALL and AML | induction (intense), intensification (increase dose), consolidation (remission), modification (months to years)
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| cause by excessive development of mature neoplastic granulocytes in the bone marrow. move into the blood in massive #, infiltrate the liver spleen. chronic stable stage, followed by acute aggressive stage(blastic phase) once in blastic phase pt has months | chronic myelogenous leukemia
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| In CML the cells contain a distinctive cytogenetic abnormality, which serves as a disease marker and results in translocation of genetic material between chromosome 9 and 22 | philadelphia chromosome
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| treatment for CML is | gleevec
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| most common leukemia in adults, slow onset, production and accumulation of functionally inactive but long lived, small, mature-appearing lymphocytes (usually B cell) infiltrate bone marrow, liver, and spleen | chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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| treatment for CLL is | rituxan and campath
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| combination therapy is the mainstay of treatment for leukemia. the three purposed are to | <drug resistance, minimize drug toxicity, interrupt cell growth
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| malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes. fifth most common cancer in US. | lymphomas
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| two major types of lymphomas | Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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| makes up about 11% of all lymphomas. malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, mutlinucleated cells (Reed-Sternberg cells) located in the lymph nodes. usually males adults (20-50years) | Hodgkin's lymphoma
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| In hodgkin's lymphoma the normal structure of lymph nodes is destroyed by hyperplasia of monocytes and macrophages. the diagnotic feature is the presence of | Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsy specimens
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| The onset is insidious and the initial development is most often painless and enlargement of | cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes
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| A group of initial findings include | fever, night sweats, and weight loss (B symptoms) pain and infection
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| important means of diagnosing Hodkin's lymphoma are | peripheral blood analysis, excisional lymph node biopsy, bone marrow examination, and radiologic evaluation
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| four stages of hodgkins lymphoma | stage I,II,III,IV
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| involvement of single lymph node | stage I
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| involvement of two or more lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm | stage II
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| lymph node involvement above and below the diaphragm | stage III
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| involvement outside of diaphragm (liver, bone marrow) | stage IV
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| treatment of choice for advanced, refractory, or relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma | Intensive chemo with or without the use of autologous of allogeneic HSCT and hematopoietic growth factors
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| The standard chemo for Hodgkins is ABVD regimen | Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine
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| Advanced stages of Hodgkin's is treated mor aggressively with the BEACOPP regimen | Bleomycin, Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Procarbazine, Prednisone
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| are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms of primarily B- or T- cells origina affecting all ages. classified according to different cellular and lymph node characteristics. indolent to agressive | Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs)
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| unlike Hodgkins lymphomas, NHL has no hallmark feature of the | Reed- Sternberg cell
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| can originate outside the lymph nodes, the method of spread can be unpredictable, and the majortiy of pts have widely dissemiated disease at the time of diagnosis | NHL
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| patients with high grade lymphomas may have myphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms such as | fever, night sweats, and weight loss (B symptoms)
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| NHL is classified based on | morphologic, genetic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features
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| more aggressive lymphomas are more responsive to treatment and more likely to be cured, so indolent lymphomas have a long course and are difficult to treat. the treatment for NHL involves | chemotherapy and sometimes radiation
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| a condition in which neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate the bone marrow, produce abnormal and excessive amounts of immunoglobulin and destroy bone. twice as common in men (>40 years) occurs more in african americans | multiple myeloma
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| in some patients excessive production and secretion of free light-chain proteins (bence jones proteins) from the myeloma cell is also seen and can be detected in the | urine, sign of renal failure
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| can lead to collapse of vertebrae with ensuing compression of the spinal cord in NHL | vertebral destruction
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| ambulation and adequate hydration are used to treat | hypercalcemia, dehydration, and potential renal damage.
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| is usually the first treatment recommended for multiple myeloma | chemo with corticosteriods
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| other treatments for multiple myeloma | palliative radiation, chemotherapy (thalidomide, revlimid), high dose chemo + HSCT = higher response rate
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