biology chapter 31
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| Chordates with a backbone | Vertebrates
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| Named for individual segments | Vertebrates
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| Vertebrae form central axis for muscle attachment and protects the | dorsal nerve cord
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| How do fish breath | open and closing his mouth
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| thin sheet of tissue that increases the surface area available for oxygen the gills hang like a curtain from the mouth to the cheeks | Fish gills
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| opening of the cheek at the rear cavity | Fish gill slits
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| The process of fish breathing | the fish swallows the water and that forces the water in the mouth over the gills and then out the gill slits
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| water flows in one direction combined with the specific arrangement of gill tissue permits from the countercurrent flow which is very efficient way of extracting oxygen up to 85 percent of available oxygen is extracted from the water | countercurrent flow
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| Air vs water | air contains about 20 times as much water as sea water yet the gill can not take in oxygen from the air
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| bag like repertory organ that allows gas exchange between the air and the blood | Amphibians lungs
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| the amount of oxygen a lung can absorb can depend on his internal surface area increase surface area in the amount of oxygen can be absorbed you there fore the interior surface is highly folded | Surface area
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| so they can obtain oxygen | Moist skin
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| Greater metabolic demand of oxygen since they are more active | Reptiles
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| Enlarged surface area of the lung available for diffusion | reptile
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| they are small chambers that are clustered together like grapes | Alveoli
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| Greater demand for oxygen –since we maintain constant body temp | Mammals
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| Have 300 million alveoli in there lungs | Mammals
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| get enough oxygen by 1 way air flow made possible by the evolution of a series of ____ _____connected to the birds lungs | air sacs
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| What are the 2 advantages of a birds | - No oxygen poor air left in lungs the lungs are exposed only to fully oxygenated air
- Flow of blood in lungs runs in different direction to the flow of air therefore blood contains more oxygen than exhaled air
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| delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the bodies tissue | Circulatory system
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| What are the 2 basic features | - heart
- network of vessels
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| through blood can circulate | Network of vessels
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| pumps the blood | Heart
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| In a fish how is the blood pumped to the gills | The blood is pumped first through Gills->to the rest of the body therefore the blood deliver to the tissues is fully oxygenated
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| Why is the blood slushy | due to after passing through the tiny blood vessels from the gills the flow of the blood lose much of force of the blood from the heart
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| Why can the blood not be delivered quickly enough | circulation is sluggish
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| Top half of the heart | Atrium
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| Bottom half of the heart | Ventricles
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| What separates to atrium into left and right halves | Septum
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| What is the advantage of being an amphibian | the oxygenated blood is pumped to the muscles that have higher pressure
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| What is a disadvantage of being an amphibian | the oxygen blood is still mixed with deoxygenated blood since there is no septum in the ventricle therefore the heart pumps out a mix of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
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| Incomplete separation of ventricle but they still have mixing of the blood | Reptile
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| What 3 animals have a 4 chambered heart | Mammals, Birds and Crocodiles
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| What 3 animals have a Completely separated ventricles and the blood is pumped to tissues and they are fully oxygenated | Mammals, Birds and Crocodiles
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| we lose water about 2/3 of our vertebras are water | dehydration
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| they lose water my osmoses in salty water in which they swim to make up for that water lose the fish drinks lots of water but the water contains salt | marine fish
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| they have more salt in there body that the surrounded water so the fish needs to avoid taking in to much water and losing to much salt through osmosis | freshwater fish
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| How can the freshwater fish avoid water by taking in salt | they have more salt in there body that the surrounded water so the fish needs to avoid taking in to much water and losing to much salt through osmosis
solution: kidney; nephon
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| regulate the salt and water balance and remove metabolic waste from the blood | kidney
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| kidneys are made up of thousands of disposal of units called | nephrons
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| filter out the metabolic waste which is passed out through the urine | nephrons
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| are made up of thousands of disposal of units called nephrons the nephron filter out the metabolic waste which is passed out through the urine | kidney
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| dilute urine | freshwater fish
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| dilute urine | amphibian
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| evaporation problem therefore they reabsorb much more water in there kidneys and produce more concentrated urine the urine can not become to concentrated or the water from the body will flow into urine by osmosis and the kidney will explode | reptiles
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| the kidneys remove more water from the urine so the urine is 4 time as concentrated as the blood plasma | mammals
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| what kind of water tight skin does Amphibians have | mucus
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| what kind of water tight skin do reptiles have | scales
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| what kind of skin do Mammals/Birds have | skin is dry and virtually water tight
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| Amphibians – mucus | to prevent evaporation they secrete a slippery mucus
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| Reptiles – scales | which overlap and for a water type dry covering
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| is water loss a problem for Fish/Amphibians | water loss is not significant problem because they live near the water
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| is water loss a problem for reptiles | severe water loss problem and the fertilized eggs need a moist environment to develop
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| what are the Two protective membranes | Amnion
Chorion
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| enclosed the embryo within a watery environment | Amnion
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| allows oxygen to enter the egg and carbon dioxide to leave but it is impermeable to water it is called the amniotic egg | Chorion
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| they lay amniotic eggs surrounded by a tough shells | Monotremes
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| fish have a _____ _____ | external fertilization
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| fish release male and female gametes near each other in the w | external fertilization
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| amphibians have a | external fertilization
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| The reproductive cycle is still depended on the presence of free water | amphibians
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| what are the 2 phases of a fishes development | larva
Metamorphosis
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| the eggs are fertilized within the female before they are laid | internal fertilization
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| the young hatch from eggs laid outside the mothers body ex. Platypuses | Oviparous
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| the young are born live from eggs that hatch within the mothers body | Ovoviviparous
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| the young come from reptile eggs fully formed at birth and ready to fend for them selves | reptiles
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| there not able to survive unaided since there development is still incomplete they are nurtured by there parents unlike most reptiles | birds
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| the young are born live from egg cells that develop within the mothers body and nourished from nutrients that are pasted from mother to embryo | Viviparous
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| give birth to live embryos at very early stage of development they then craw into a pouch and continue developing for many months ex) kangaroo | Marsupials
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| they retain there young much longer time within the body they nourish through the placenta in which nutrients are channeled through the embryo from the blood of the mother | Placental mammals
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Created by:
Lauren Bowers
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