Chapters 1-12
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| protein | helps build and repair body tissue
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| malnutrition | from eating too much and too little
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| low nutrition density foods | are cookies, potato chips and candy
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| osteoporosis | it is necessary that we have an adequate intake of calcium in order to help prevent bone degeneration
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| BUN | is a test that can help analyze if we might have kidney failure
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| three-day food record | the most common method of assessing a dietary history
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| diabetes | is caused by an increase of obese
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| iron deficiency | is most common in the US
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| scurvy | is related to a vitamin C deficiency
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| lipid profile | includes triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol
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| goiters | is caused by a deficiency of iodine
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| eating a high protein diet | is not necessarily beneficial
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| losing weight | it is best to lose 1-2 pounds per week
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| hypertension | can be linked to high intake of salt
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| weight gain | can be prevented if that a person has at least 60 mins. of exercise each day
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| milk | a fortified with vitamin D
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| regulation of food labeling | became mandatory in 1994
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| food labels | demand total carbs and cholesterol
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| low sodium | a product must have a measurement of below 140 mg per serving
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| Chinese food | is usually high in sodium
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| Jewish laws | all food is called kosher when it is prepared
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| Jewish dietary laws | according to Jewish laws meat and dairy products may not be eaten together
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| Some religions consider | alcohol, tea and coffee harmful (mostly Mormons)
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| Ketoacidosis | occurs when too little carbohydrate is consumed to provide energy
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| carbohydrates | are changed to glucose before they are absorb.
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| insulin | controls glucose metabolism
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| hyperglycemia | another name for high blood sugar
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| carbohydrates | provide the most energy for our bodies
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| bran | is the outer covering of a grain kernel
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| B vitamins | are mostly found in the germ
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| dextrose | is another term for glucose
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| fruits and cereals | are a good sources of carbohydrates
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| iron | is sometimes added to grain products
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| potatoes | are complex carbs
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| appetite | is a psychological desire for food
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| water | does not provide energy
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| osteoporosis | is a deficiency of calcium and vitamin D that causes bones to become soft
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| we must eat | food in order to obtain essential nutrients
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| Mediterranean diet | does not contain much meat.
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| Japanese diet | does not use milk
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| folic acid deficiency | causes neural tube defects
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| Ketoacidosis | can be fatal
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| diabetes | is not the cause of obesity
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| carbs | are the major source of energy
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| carbs | provide 50% of the calories for people living in the US.
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| fat | helps provide energy, protects organs and bones and is a carrier for fat-soluble vitamins
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| monounsaturated fats | are good fats such as olive and canola oil
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| omega 3 fatty acids | are a polyunsaturated fat
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| eggs, biscuits and shrimp | contain cholesterol
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| we can control our diet and cholesterol by | reducing saturated fats
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| fat digestion | takes places in the small intestine
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| lipoproteins | carry fats through the body
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| LDL | is bad cholesterol
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| HDL | is good cholesterol and we can increase this by exercise, diet and stop smoking
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| olives | contain good fat
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| visible fat | are fats we can see such as cooking oil
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| egg whites | contain no fat and olive oil and avocados all contain good fat
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| animal organs | contain cholesterol
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| vegans | usually consume incomplete proteins
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| low protein diet | can cause edema
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| pepsin | is an enzyme secreted by the stomach that is essential for protein digestion
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| tofu | is made from soy milk and not a high quality protien
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| new tissue | is being formed such as during pregnancy a positive nitrogen balance occurs
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| PEM | is long term protein energy malnutrition can cause physical and mental retardation
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| marasmus | is a disease is caused by PEM and results in dry hair and thin skin
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| Kwashiorkor | is a disease caused by PEM and results in skin lesions
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| severe burns | causes negative nitrogen balance
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| corn and beans | are considered complementary proteins
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| digestion | begins in the mouth
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| complementary proteins | must be consumed in the same day
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| lean body mass | is heredity and climate can affect our BMR
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| BMR | decreases as our lean body mass decreases
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| metabolism | is the body's use of energy to conserve nutrients
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| BMR | can increase by fever, pregnancy and lactation
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| lean body mass | can decrease as we age
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| fats | are present in animal and plant sources
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| monounsaturated fats | lower our LDL
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| all animal sources | are not high quality complete proteins
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| tofu | is not a high quality protein
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| proteins | are necessary for the development of antibodies and a healthy immune system
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| nutrients | do not have to be in their most complex form to be absorbed
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| vitamins | do not give us energy but enables our body to use energy
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| vitamins | are essential for body processes
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| enriched or fortified | means foods have been supplemented with vitamins
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| steaming vegetables | help prevent loss of vitamin A, during cooking
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| rickets | can result from a vitamin D deficiency
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| sunlight | is the best source of vitamin D
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| liver damage | can occur when we take to much vitamin A
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| green leafy vegetables | are a good source of vitamin K
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| folate | helps prevent neural tube defects
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| hypervitaminosis | is the excess of one or more vitamins
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| milk, legumes, and egg yolks | all contain biotin
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| retaining minerals | in our food you need to cook in little water as possible
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| calcium and phosphorus | help build strong bones and teeth
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| vitamin D | helps us to absorb calcium
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| foods with vitamin C | helps iron absorb
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| iodine | is necessary for normal thyroid gland activity
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| lack of weigh bearing exercise | can reduce the amount of calcium absorbed in the body
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| we have more calcium | in our bodies than any other material
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| water | constitutes between 50 & 60% of our body weight
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| kidneys | help maintain electrolyte balance
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| dehydration | can cause us to have low blood pressure, dry skin and fever
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| water | is a solvent and we can only live between 10-14 days without water
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| calories | we need to consume 1 mL for every one we consume
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| positive water balance | can cause congestive heart failure
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| food | enters the fundus of the stomach first
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| villi | are in the small intestine and helps with absorption
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| peristalsis | is contractions that move food along the GI tract
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| final chemical digestion | of carbs occurs in the small intestines
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| cardiac sphincter | is located at the lower end of the esophagus
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| pylorus | is the end of the stomach nearest the small intestine
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| vitamin supplements | do not need to be taken if we eat a balanced diet
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| vitamins | found in our food are far superior to synthetic vitamins
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| mega doses of vitamins | can be toxic
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| cardiac sphincter | prevents acid from flowing back into the esophagus
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| digestion | occurs in the entire GT tract
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| nutrients | do not have to be in their complex form to be absorb
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| inner wall of the small intestine | is smooth
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| bolos | is a mouthful of food ready to be swallowed
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| acid reflux disease | is caused by malfunction of the cardiac sphincter
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| underweight pregnant women | should be between 28 and 40 pounds is a normal weight gain during pregnancy
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| vitamin A | does not need to be increased during pregnancy
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| hyperemesis gravidarum | is the condition when nausea persists and becomes so severe that it is life threatening
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| high-fiber foods | can relieve constipation and hemorrhoids
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| heartburn | can be relieved by eating small, frequent meals
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| Pica | is the craving for nonfood substances such as starch or clay
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| fetal alcohol syndrome | is the result of ingesting alcohol while pregnant
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| oxytocin | is initiated by an infant sucking, which causes the ejection of milk into the infant's mouth
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| vitamin A | in excess, can cause birth defects
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| pregnant adolescents | are particularly prone to pregnancy-induced hypertension
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| caffeine | can cause irritability in an infant from a nursing mother
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| infant meals | should be scheduled to feed on demand
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| a baby's weight | can double by the age of 6 months
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| burping | helps to prevent regurgitation
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| infants under the age of 1year | should avoid regular cow's milk because it is harder to digest than the mother's milk, can cause gastrointestinal blood loss, and is harder for the kidneys to filter
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| tooth decay | may result when a baby is regularly put to bed with a bottle in its mouth
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| c. botulinum | is a microorganism that have been known to contaminate honey
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| nuts | should not be offered to babies
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| breast milk | is the best food for premature infants
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| a good example of nutritious snack for a child under the age of 4 | is cheese and crackers
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| adolescents | typically prefer to imitate their peers
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| dietary habits, weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus | is rarely seen before in children, is now being diagnosed in children as young as 10 years of age
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| treatment plans for people with anorexia nervosa | is centered on providing family and individual counseling
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| alcoholism | can cause accumulation of fat on the liver
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| marijuana | can cause hunger for sweets
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| athletes | need greater quantities of sodium and potassium
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| iron | is needed throughout women's childbearing years in higher quantities
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| bone loss | usually begins between the ages of 35 to 40
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| caloric requirement | in adults usually begin to decrease after the age of 25
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| overweight | is most commonly caused by an energy imbalance
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| as the body ages | bone destiny and metabolism decrease
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| osteoporosis | can cause a decrease in height
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| estrogen replacement therapy | is a medical treatment for prevention of both osteoporosis and heart disease
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| calcium-rich foods and sufficient vitamin D | by eating that everyday it is believed to reduce the chance of developing osteoporosis
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| excessive amounts of phosphorus | can cause osteoporosis by speeding up bone loss
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| arthritis symptoms | can be treated with regular aspirin for people who arthritis also needs additional iron
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| arthritis | causes joints to be painful and stiff by causing structural changes in cartilage of the joints
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| hypertension | is another term for high blood pressure
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| heart attack and stroke | are the two major causes of death in the United States
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| plaque | is a fatty substance containing cholesterol that accumulates in the walls of the artery
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| Geriatrics | is the branch of medicine involved with the disease of the elderly
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| it is recommend that pregnant women | should always drink 2 to 3 servings of fat-free milk
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| nausea | is associated with pregnancy, or morning sickness, could be life-threating
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| smoking during pregnancy | may affect the intellectual and behavior development of the fetus as it grows up
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| folate | research has shown that a lack of an intake of this vitamin during pre-pregnancy may result in neural tube defects for the baby
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| when alcohol is ingested by a mother | it enters the fetal blood stream in the same concentration as the mother's
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| kilocalorie | decreases after the age of 35; however nutrient requirements do not
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| weight reduction | is undertaken, the client should confirm with their physician that they are in good health
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| estrogen loss | that occurs after menopause contributes to osteoporosis
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| economic changes | occur that affects nutrition as people age
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