DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis
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| What is Griffith's experimental contribution? | He learned that heat-killed harmful bacteria can transfer disease-causing ability to harmless bacteria (transformation). His experiments were done with mice.
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| What is Avery's experimental contribution? | He found that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
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| what is transformation? | when genetic material is passed from one cell to another
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| What is the hershey and chase experiment? | Studied bacteriophages. Used a blender to separate the protein and the DNA in phages. Found that DNA is responsible for hijacking bacteria and is thus the hereditary material in viruses.
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| Who is credited for discovering the shape of DNA? | Watson and Crick
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| Who was an expert in x-ray diffraction and took pictures of DNA? | Rosalind Franklin
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| What is photo 51? | Franklin's picture of DNA that proved that DNA had a helix shape.
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| Why didn't Rosalind Franklin get the Nobel Prize | She was dead before it was granted AND she wasn't given due credit for her work.
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| DNA is made of building blocks called... | nucleotides
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| what are the parts of a nucleotide? | phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
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| what are the bases of DNA | adenosine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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| What holds the bases together? | hydrogen bonds
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| what is a purine and a pyrimidine? | a type of nitrogenous base. Purines are two-ringed structures and pyrimidines are one-ringed structures.
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| are the hydrogen bonds weak or strong? | weak- we had tools to break them in class when we extracted strawberry DNA
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| Who is the scientist that found that A pairs with T and C with G? | Chargaff
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| What does it mean to be a complementary base pair? | it means A bonds with T and C bonds with G
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| what makes up the backbone of DNA? | sugar and phosphate
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| what kind of sugar is in DNA? | deoxyribose
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| what kind of sugar is in RNA? | ribose
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| How is RNA different than DNA? | 1. RNA is shorter, 2. RNA has U instead of T, 3. RNA is single stranded
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| Is this base sequence DNA or RNA: AUCGCUCG | RNA
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| What is DNA replication? | the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before it divides.
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| What enzyme is responsible for unzipping DNA? | helicase
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| What do call the Y-shaped region of DNA that results when it is unzipped? | the replication fork
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| Which enzyme adds nucleotides to build DNA during replication? | DNA polymerase
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| What does it mean to say that DNA is semi conservative? | When DNA replicates it has one old strand and gains one new strand
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| What is a mutation? | a change in the DNA code (a change in the bases)
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| are all mutations bad? | no some are not harmful or helpful and others can actually be beneficial.
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| What is the central dogma of biology? | DNA to RNA to Protein
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| What is transcription? | When mRNA is made from DNA's code
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| Where does transcription take place? | in the nucleus
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| What enzyme completes transcription? | RNA polymerase
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| What is translation? | when mRNA is read to create a protein
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| where does translation take place? | in the cytoplasm at a ribosome
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| what is rRNA? | RNA that builds ribosomes
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| What is mRNA? | messenger RNA that transcribes DNA's code
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| what is tRNA? | transfer RNA - it transfers amino acids
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| which strand provides the code for amino acids? | mRNA
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| what do you call a chain of amino acids? | a polypeptide or a protein
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| what is the codon? | the 3 mRNA letters
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| What is the anticodon? | the 3 tRNA letters
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| in a prokaryotic cell which occurs first transcription or translation? | both occur simultaneously
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| in a eukaryotic cell which occurs first transcription or translation | transcription
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| what is the human genome project? | the project that sequenced all the bases pairs of the human genome (all the DNA in a cell)
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