PIB Biology Sumowski EOCT Review
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| Biology | the study of all living things or the study of life
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| organism | a living thing
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| most of the living things you see around you are _________ organisms | multicellular
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| differentiation | becoming different from other organisms as multiplication occurs
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| homeostatsis | stable level of internal conditions
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| natural selection | the most important driving force in evolution
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| ecology | branch of biology containing the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment
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| ecosystems | environmental communities
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| photosynthesis | plants and some unicellular organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into energy that can be used by living things
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| what can autotrophs produce | autotrophs can produce their own food
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| what must heterotrophs do to meet their energy needs | consume food
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| metabolism | sum of all chemical process in an organism
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| sampling | the process of taking a small part to represent the whole population
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| independent variable | is the variable that is manipulated by the experiment
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| dependent variable | affected variable in an experience
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| isotopes | an atom that has the same number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons in an element
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| covalents bond | bonds that share electrons
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| ionic bonds | bonds that take electrons
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| energy | ability to do work or cause change
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| what is an example of a polar molecule | water
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| hydrogen bond | type of attraction that holds two water molecules together
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| light reaction | occurs in the thylakoid, is the first reaction in photosynthesis. Requires light and water, and produces oxygen. occurs in photosystem II
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| calvin cycle | dark reaction or light independent reaction. takes place in the stroma of the thylakoid, involves three major steps. CO2 and RUBP are the products and they form 2 ADPs and NADP+ and forms 2 phosphates and forms organic compounds.
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| endocytosis | process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs a process
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| alcoholic fermentation | peruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol in plants; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars
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| fermentation | in plants, fermentation is involved in the production of ethyl alcohol. In animals, it results in the formation of lactic acid. Is done when there is a lack of acid
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| heliocase | enzyme that separates DNA before replication
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| polymerase | zips the DNA back up after replication
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| pinocytosis | involves the transport of solutes and fluids
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| phagocytosis | involves the transport of large particles or whole cells
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| vesicle | membrane bound sack in a eukaryote that contains materials that involve in transport within the cell
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| glycolysis | pathway in which glucose is oxidized to peruvic acid
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| rRNA | type of RNA found in a ribosome
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| tRNA | type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
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| mRNA | RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes
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| codon | three nucleotides
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| start codon | triggers the amino acids to start translating a mRNA molecule
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| stop codon | tells amino acids to stop translation
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| translation | process of converting DNA into RNA
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| translation | process of converting RNA into protein
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| anticodon | loop opposite the amino acid attachment
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| cohesion | when something sticks to something like it Ex. Water
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| Adhesion | when something sticks to something else
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| capillarity | "a straw" something moving up a tube by adhesion and cohesion
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| evolution | change onver time
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| monomers | smaller compounds that build up carbon compounds
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| polymers | repeated linked units of monomers
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| ATP | stored chemical energy
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| hydrolysis | breakdown of some complex molecules
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| carbohydrate | organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ratio 6:12:6
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| monosaccharide | one sugar
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| disaccharide | double sugar
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| polysaccharide | three or more monosaccharides in a complex molecule
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| ADP | substance involved in energy metabolism formed by the breakdown of ATP
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| proteins | composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. also composed of amino acids.
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| amino acid | monomer building blocks of proteins
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| peptide bond | two amino acids combined in covalent bonds
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| di-peptide bond | two amino acids bonding
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| polypeptide bond | bond involving three or more peptide bonds
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| substrate | "key" for a protein, catalyzes the protein
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| enzyme | what the substrate fits into
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| lipids | don't dissolve in water, cell membranes are composed of lipids. heads are hydrophilic. hydrophobic tail.
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| nucleic acids | large and complex organic compounds that store information in the cell
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| RNA | stores and transfers information needed for the manufacture of proteins
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| nucleotides | consists of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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| four organic elements | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
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| saprophyte | organism that feeds on dead organisms
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| all eukaryotes have a what | nucleus
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| acclimation | adaptation
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| carbon cycle | process in which carbon is cycled through the biosphere
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| mitosis | used in cell division and creates copies of cells
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| meiosis | produces haploid gametes
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| contractile vacuole | organelle that expels water
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| osmosis | water goes across a selectively permeable membrane through diffusion
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| binary fission | prokaryotes divide asexually into two identical cells
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| genetic recombination | production of new mixture of genetic mateiral
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| law of segretation | traits are inherited to the offspring are separate from each other
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| dormancy | state of decreased metabolism
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| nitrogen cycle | pathway which nitrogen follows in an ecosystem
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