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EOCT Review
PIB Biology Sumowski EOCT Review
| flappy 1 | flappy 2 |
|---|---|
| Biology | the study of all living things or the study of life |
| organism | a living thing |
| most of the living things you see around you are _________ organisms | multicellular |
| differentiation | becoming different from other organisms as multiplication occurs |
| homeostatsis | stable level of internal conditions |
| natural selection | the most important driving force in evolution |
| ecology | branch of biology containing the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment |
| ecosystems | environmental communities |
| photosynthesis | plants and some unicellular organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into energy that can be used by living things |
| what can autotrophs produce | autotrophs can produce their own food |
| what must heterotrophs do to meet their energy needs | consume food |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical process in an organism |
| sampling | the process of taking a small part to represent the whole population |
| independent variable | is the variable that is manipulated by the experiment |
| dependent variable | affected variable in an experience |
| isotopes | an atom that has the same number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons in an element |
| covalents bond | bonds that share electrons |
| ionic bonds | bonds that take electrons |
| energy | ability to do work or cause change |
| what is an example of a polar molecule | water |
| hydrogen bond | type of attraction that holds two water molecules together |
| light reaction | occurs in the thylakoid, is the first reaction in photosynthesis. Requires light and water, and produces oxygen. occurs in photosystem II |
| calvin cycle | dark reaction or light independent reaction. takes place in the stroma of the thylakoid, involves three major steps. CO2 and RUBP are the products and they form 2 ADPs and NADP+ and forms 2 phosphates and forms organic compounds. |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs a process |
| alcoholic fermentation | peruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol in plants; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars |
| fermentation | in plants, fermentation is involved in the production of ethyl alcohol. In animals, it results in the formation of lactic acid. Is done when there is a lack of acid |
| heliocase | enzyme that separates DNA before replication |
| polymerase | zips the DNA back up after replication |
| pinocytosis | involves the transport of solutes and fluids |
| phagocytosis | involves the transport of large particles or whole cells |
| vesicle | membrane bound sack in a eukaryote that contains materials that involve in transport within the cell |
| glycolysis | pathway in which glucose is oxidized to peruvic acid |
| rRNA | type of RNA found in a ribosome |
| tRNA | type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes |
| mRNA | RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes |
| codon | three nucleotides |
| start codon | triggers the amino acids to start translating a mRNA molecule |
| stop codon | tells amino acids to stop translation |
| translation | process of converting DNA into RNA |
| translation | process of converting RNA into protein |
| anticodon | loop opposite the amino acid attachment |
| cohesion | when something sticks to something like it Ex. Water |
| Adhesion | when something sticks to something else |
| capillarity | "a straw" something moving up a tube by adhesion and cohesion |
| evolution | change onver time |
| monomers | smaller compounds that build up carbon compounds |
| polymers | repeated linked units of monomers |
| ATP | stored chemical energy |
| hydrolysis | breakdown of some complex molecules |
| carbohydrate | organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ratio 6:12:6 |
| monosaccharide | one sugar |
| disaccharide | double sugar |
| polysaccharide | three or more monosaccharides in a complex molecule |
| ADP | substance involved in energy metabolism formed by the breakdown of ATP |
| proteins | composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. also composed of amino acids. |
| amino acid | monomer building blocks of proteins |
| peptide bond | two amino acids combined in covalent bonds |
| di-peptide bond | two amino acids bonding |
| polypeptide bond | bond involving three or more peptide bonds |
| substrate | "key" for a protein, catalyzes the protein |
| enzyme | what the substrate fits into |
| lipids | don't dissolve in water, cell membranes are composed of lipids. heads are hydrophilic. hydrophobic tail. |
| nucleic acids | large and complex organic compounds that store information in the cell |
| RNA | stores and transfers information needed for the manufacture of proteins |
| nucleotides | consists of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| four organic elements | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen |
| saprophyte | organism that feeds on dead organisms |
| all eukaryotes have a what | nucleus |
| acclimation | adaptation |
| carbon cycle | process in which carbon is cycled through the biosphere |
| mitosis | used in cell division and creates copies of cells |
| meiosis | produces haploid gametes |
| contractile vacuole | organelle that expels water |
| osmosis | water goes across a selectively permeable membrane through diffusion |
| binary fission | prokaryotes divide asexually into two identical cells |
| genetic recombination | production of new mixture of genetic mateiral |
| law of segretation | traits are inherited to the offspring are separate from each other |
| dormancy | state of decreased metabolism |
| nitrogen cycle | pathway which nitrogen follows in an ecosystem |
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