CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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| ATP synthase | (also, F1F0 ATP synthase) membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a
phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it
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| acetyl CoA | combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is
made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)
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| aerobic respiration | process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen
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| anaerobic cellular respiration | process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the
absence of oxygen
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| anaerobic | process that does not use oxygen
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| chemiosmosis | process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular
metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane
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| citric acid cycle | (also, Krebs cycle) series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central
importance in all living cells
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| dephosphorylation | removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
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| fermentation | ess of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving
as the final electron accceptor, occurs in the absence; occurs in the absence of oxygen
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| GLUT protein | integral membrane protein that transports glucose
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| glycolysis | process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP
and NADH
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| isomerase | enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer
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| Krebs cycle | (also, citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after Hans Krebs
who first identified the steps in the pathway in the 1930s in pigeon flight muscles; see citric acid
cycle
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| oxidative phosphorylation | production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis and oxygen
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| phosphorylation | addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic
intermediate, a protein, or ADP
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| prosthetic group | (also, prosthetic cofactor) molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function
of the protein
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| pyruvate | three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which
enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis
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| redox reaction | chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a
reduction reaction
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| substrate-level phosphorylation | production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a
chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant
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| TCA cycle | (also, citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after the group
name for citric acid, tricarboxylic acid (TCA); see citric acid cycle
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| ubiquinone | soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or
second complex to the third
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