vocab associated with ATP, energy, enzymes, photosynthesis, cellular respiration
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| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed - it changes in form
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| OAA | Acetyl CoA is added to this to begin Kreb cycle
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| RuBP | carbon dioxide is attached to this during carbon fixation
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| ACE (Aald) | pyruvate is first changed to this during fermentation
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| Acetyl CoA | complex that enters Kreb cycle - adds to 4-C starting material
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| Acetyl group | formed in Intermediate Reaction - carried to Kreb cycle by Coenzyme A
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| activation energy | type of energy needed to begin chemical reactions
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| active site | portion of an enzyme that fits substrate exactly
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| ADP + Pi | products of ATP hydrolysis - can be used to re-make ATP
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| -ase | suffix that identifies substances as an enzyme
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| ATP | energy currency of living cells
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| ATP synthase | enzyme that acts to build ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
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| autotroph | organism that stores energy by making its own food
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| Calvin cycle | last stage/step of photosynthesis - where glucose is made from PGAL
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| carbon fixation | process used by plants to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere
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| catalyst | substance that increases the rate of reactions without being used up
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| chemical reaction | occurs to produce new substances with unique properties
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| chloroplast | organelle that autotrophs use to absorb light energy and produce glucose
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| carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas that plants bring in to make glucose
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| coenzyme | molecule that modifies an enzyme's shape OR carries atoms/parts of atoms
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| Coenzyme A | specific molecule that carries acetyl group to Kreb cycle
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| cytoplasm | where fermentation and glycolysis occur in living cells
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| Electron Transport Chain | used in PS II, PS I and the last step of aerobic cellular respiration
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| endergonic | type of reaction that absorbs more free energy than it releases
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| enzyme | 3-D protein molecule used as a catalyst in cellular reactions
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| ethyl alcohol | one of the waste products of fermentation (in bacteria or yeast cells)
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| exergonic | reaction that gives off more free energy than it takes in
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| FAD | coenzyme used only in Kreb cycle - carries 2 high-energy electrons
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| free energy | energy that is available for use in living systems or chemical reactions
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| glucose | fuel for cellular respiration - final product of photosynthesis
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| heterotroph | organism that must bring in food from other sources for its energy
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| high-energy electron | negatively charged atomic particle - located further from the nucleus than normal
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| Hydrogen proton | an atom of Hydrogen that has been stripped of its electron
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| inner conpartment / matrix | location in the mitochondria where Krebs cycle takes place
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| kinetic energy | also known as the energy of motion - it's doing something
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| lactic acid | waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
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| lock & key hypothesis | the idea that an enzyme's active site must fit the substrate exactly
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| mitochondria | organelle responsible for final 3 steps/stages of oxidative respiration
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| NAD | coenzyme utilized in all four steps/stages of aerobic cellular respiration
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| NADP | coenzyme used in both PS I and Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
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| NADP reductase | enzyme used by plants to add high-energy electrons to coenzyme
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| outer comparment | space in the mitochondria that is more acidic due to hydrogen ion concentration
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| oxygen | waste product of photosynthesis - necessary for aerobic respiration
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| PGAL | formed in Calvin cycle - used to make glucose, starch, fats, proteins, etc.
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| photons | discrete packets of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
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| Photosystem I | step of photosynthesis that produces NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle
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| Photosystem II | stage of photosynthesis that produces ATP
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| potential energy | also known as the energy of position - stored energy
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| products | results of a chemical reaction (on the right side of the arrow)
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| proton pumps | proteins that actively transport protons across a membrane
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| pyruvate | end product of glycolysis that is sent to Intermediate reaction
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| reactants | materials that go into a chemical reaction (left side of the arrow)
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| stroma | cytoplasm type material within a chloroplast
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| substrate | molecule that fits exactly into the 3-D active site of an enzyme
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| thylakoid membrane | surface inside a chloroplast that contains chlorophyll, OEC, ATP synthase, NADP reductase, enzymes, coenzymes, and the ETC
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| water | waste product of aerobic cellular respiration - formed in the last step/stage
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| ATP | energy currency of living cells; produced during step 1 of photosynthesis and used during step 3 to make glucose
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| Calvin cycle | third step/stage of photosynthesis; uses energy from ATP & NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose
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| carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas attached to RuBP in step 3 of photosynthesis so that G3P (PGAL) can be formed then made into glucose
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| chlorophyll | green pigment found in chloroplasts; absorbs light and transfers energy to ATP & NADPH in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis
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| chloroplast | plant cell organelle that performs photosynthesis so that glucose can be made from CO2 & water
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| PGAL | produced during step 3 of photosynthesis and is used to make glucose and re-make RuBP
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| glucose | six-carbon sugar produced from G3P (PGAL) during step 3 of photosynthesis
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| grana | stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
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| photons | absorbed by chlorophyll in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis and transformed into stored energy as ATP & NADPH
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| NADPH | high-energy compound produced in step 2 and used by step 3 of photosynthesis to make G3P (and then glucose)
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| oxygen | given off by plants during step 1 of photosynthesis as waste; taken in by animals during respiration (breathing)
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| water | broken apart by plants in step 1 of photosynthesis in order to replace electrons lost from the reaction center and give off oxygen
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| Photosystem 1 | second step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs light energy in order to make NADPH for step 3
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| Photosystem 2 | first step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs photons to make ATP so glucose can be made in step 3
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| RuBP | used in step 3 of photosynthesis to collect CO2 so that glucose can be made; recylced over and over again in this stage
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| stroma | area inside chloroplast around thylakoids where water is stored so that photosynthesis can occur
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| thylakoids | structures in chloroplasts; membrane contains chlorophyll and other molecules used to carry out photosynthesis
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| photosynthesis | process carried out by plants; consists of three steps or stages; used to store absorbed light energy in bonds of glucose
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| ATP synthase | enzyme used in step 1 of photosynthesis to harness electrons and make use-able energy for the cell
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| NADP reductase | enzyme from step 2 of photosynthesis that combines high-energy electrons with a coenzyme for transport to step 3
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| RuBisCO | in step 3 of photosynthesis, this is the enzyme that performs carbon fixation in order to eventually make glucose
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| electron transport chain | series of molecules (including coenzymes) used to transfer electrons in an attempt to carry/transfer energy
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| oxygen | given off as a waste product from the splitting of water molecules in step 1 of photosynthesis
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| electrons | boosted to higher energy levels and used to make/store use-able energy as ATP or glucose
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| Carbon fixation | process that occurs in step 3 of photosynthesis to add atmospheric carbon dioxide to RuBP for making glucose
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| NADP | coenzyme that has a high-energy electron added to it so it can be carried to step 3 of photosynthesis and used (eventually) to make glucose
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| ADP | molecule that has a high-energy phosphate molecule added to it during step 1 of photosynthesis so that it can be used in step 3
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| OEC | series of enzymes found at the thylakoid membrane that acts to split water into Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
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