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Oriole-Phsyn+Resp
vocab associated with ATP, energy, enzymes, photosynthesis, cellular respiration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed - it changes in form |
| OAA | Acetyl CoA is added to this to begin Kreb cycle |
| RuBP | carbon dioxide is attached to this during carbon fixation |
| ACE (Aald) | pyruvate is first changed to this during fermentation |
| Acetyl CoA | complex that enters Kreb cycle - adds to 4-C starting material |
| Acetyl group | formed in Intermediate Reaction - carried to Kreb cycle by Coenzyme A |
| activation energy | type of energy needed to begin chemical reactions |
| active site | portion of an enzyme that fits substrate exactly |
| ADP + Pi | products of ATP hydrolysis - can be used to re-make ATP |
| -ase | suffix that identifies substances as an enzyme |
| ATP | energy currency of living cells |
| ATP synthase | enzyme that acts to build ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate |
| autotroph | organism that stores energy by making its own food |
| Calvin cycle | last stage/step of photosynthesis - where glucose is made from PGAL |
| carbon fixation | process used by plants to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere |
| catalyst | substance that increases the rate of reactions without being used up |
| chemical reaction | occurs to produce new substances with unique properties |
| chloroplast | organelle that autotrophs use to absorb light energy and produce glucose |
| carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas that plants bring in to make glucose |
| coenzyme | molecule that modifies an enzyme's shape OR carries atoms/parts of atoms |
| Coenzyme A | specific molecule that carries acetyl group to Kreb cycle |
| cytoplasm | where fermentation and glycolysis occur in living cells |
| Electron Transport Chain | used in PS II, PS I and the last step of aerobic cellular respiration |
| endergonic | type of reaction that absorbs more free energy than it releases |
| enzyme | 3-D protein molecule used as a catalyst in cellular reactions |
| ethyl alcohol | one of the waste products of fermentation (in bacteria or yeast cells) |
| exergonic | reaction that gives off more free energy than it takes in |
| FAD | coenzyme used only in Kreb cycle - carries 2 high-energy electrons |
| free energy | energy that is available for use in living systems or chemical reactions |
| glucose | fuel for cellular respiration - final product of photosynthesis |
| heterotroph | organism that must bring in food from other sources for its energy |
| high-energy electron | negatively charged atomic particle - located further from the nucleus than normal |
| Hydrogen proton | an atom of Hydrogen that has been stripped of its electron |
| inner conpartment / matrix | location in the mitochondria where Krebs cycle takes place |
| kinetic energy | also known as the energy of motion - it's doing something |
| lactic acid | waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells |
| lock & key hypothesis | the idea that an enzyme's active site must fit the substrate exactly |
| mitochondria | organelle responsible for final 3 steps/stages of oxidative respiration |
| NAD | coenzyme utilized in all four steps/stages of aerobic cellular respiration |
| NADP | coenzyme used in both PS I and Calvin cycle of photosynthesis |
| NADP reductase | enzyme used by plants to add high-energy electrons to coenzyme |
| outer comparment | space in the mitochondria that is more acidic due to hydrogen ion concentration |
| oxygen | waste product of photosynthesis - necessary for aerobic respiration |
| PGAL | formed in Calvin cycle - used to make glucose, starch, fats, proteins, etc. |
| photons | discrete packets of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll |
| Photosystem I | step of photosynthesis that produces NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle |
| Photosystem II | stage of photosynthesis that produces ATP |
| potential energy | also known as the energy of position - stored energy |
| products | results of a chemical reaction (on the right side of the arrow) |
| proton pumps | proteins that actively transport protons across a membrane |
| pyruvate | end product of glycolysis that is sent to Intermediate reaction |
| reactants | materials that go into a chemical reaction (left side of the arrow) |
| stroma | cytoplasm type material within a chloroplast |
| substrate | molecule that fits exactly into the 3-D active site of an enzyme |
| thylakoid membrane | surface inside a chloroplast that contains chlorophyll, OEC, ATP synthase, NADP reductase, enzymes, coenzymes, and the ETC |
| water | waste product of aerobic cellular respiration - formed in the last step/stage |
| ATP | energy currency of living cells; produced during step 1 of photosynthesis and used during step 3 to make glucose |
| Calvin cycle | third step/stage of photosynthesis; uses energy from ATP & NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose |
| carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas attached to RuBP in step 3 of photosynthesis so that G3P (PGAL) can be formed then made into glucose |
| chlorophyll | green pigment found in chloroplasts; absorbs light and transfers energy to ATP & NADPH in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis |
| chloroplast | plant cell organelle that performs photosynthesis so that glucose can be made from CO2 & water |
| PGAL | produced during step 3 of photosynthesis and is used to make glucose and re-make RuBP |
| glucose | six-carbon sugar produced from G3P (PGAL) during step 3 of photosynthesis |
| grana | stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
| photons | absorbed by chlorophyll in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis and transformed into stored energy as ATP & NADPH |
| NADPH | high-energy compound produced in step 2 and used by step 3 of photosynthesis to make G3P (and then glucose) |
| oxygen | given off by plants during step 1 of photosynthesis as waste; taken in by animals during respiration (breathing) |
| water | broken apart by plants in step 1 of photosynthesis in order to replace electrons lost from the reaction center and give off oxygen |
| Photosystem 1 | second step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs light energy in order to make NADPH for step 3 |
| Photosystem 2 | first step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs photons to make ATP so glucose can be made in step 3 |
| RuBP | used in step 3 of photosynthesis to collect CO2 so that glucose can be made; recylced over and over again in this stage |
| stroma | area inside chloroplast around thylakoids where water is stored so that photosynthesis can occur |
| thylakoids | structures in chloroplasts; membrane contains chlorophyll and other molecules used to carry out photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | process carried out by plants; consists of three steps or stages; used to store absorbed light energy in bonds of glucose |
| ATP synthase | enzyme used in step 1 of photosynthesis to harness electrons and make use-able energy for the cell |
| NADP reductase | enzyme from step 2 of photosynthesis that combines high-energy electrons with a coenzyme for transport to step 3 |
| RuBisCO | in step 3 of photosynthesis, this is the enzyme that performs carbon fixation in order to eventually make glucose |
| electron transport chain | series of molecules (including coenzymes) used to transfer electrons in an attempt to carry/transfer energy |
| oxygen | given off as a waste product from the splitting of water molecules in step 1 of photosynthesis |
| electrons | boosted to higher energy levels and used to make/store use-able energy as ATP or glucose |
| Carbon fixation | process that occurs in step 3 of photosynthesis to add atmospheric carbon dioxide to RuBP for making glucose |
| NADP | coenzyme that has a high-energy electron added to it so it can be carried to step 3 of photosynthesis and used (eventually) to make glucose |
| ADP | molecule that has a high-energy phosphate molecule added to it during step 1 of photosynthesis so that it can be used in step 3 |
| OEC | series of enzymes found at the thylakoid membrane that acts to split water into Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms |
Created by:
nstevens
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