Exam one chapter 1-5,9
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| What is biology? | Biology is defined as the science of life
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| What are the 7 properties of life? | A.Cellular organization B. Ordered complexity C. Sensitivity D. Growth,development, and reproduction D. Energy utilization E. Homeostasis F. Evolutionary adaption
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| What are the levels of organization from lowest to highest? | A. Atom B. molecules C. organelles D. cells E. Tissues F. organs G. organ systems H. organisms I. population J. species K. Communities L. ecosystem
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| What is the basic unit of life? | A cell
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| What are the steps of a scientific method? | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. prediction 4. experiment 5. conclusion
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| What is a theory? | A theory is a body of interconnected concepts, t is supported by much experimenal evidence and scientific reasoning, it also expresses ideas in which we are most certain
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| What are the unifying things in biology? | cell theory, molecular basis of interitance, structure and function
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| What is matter? | Matter is any substance that has a mass and occupies space
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| What is the smallest building block of matter? | An atom
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| What is a proton? | Positively charged particles it's also the nucleus of an atom
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| What is an atom? | The basic unit of a chemical element
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| What are neurtrons? | Neutral particles
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| What are electrons? | Negatively charged particles, Outer ring
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| What is atomic number? | The numbe rof protons in the nucleus of an atom. Gives them their chemical properties which is how they are elements on the periodical table
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| What is atomic mass? | The amount of protons and neutrons
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| What is an ion? | An ion is a charged atom
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| What are cations? | They have more protons than neutrons and are also positively charged
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| What are Anions? | Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged
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| What is an ionic bond? | Are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
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| What are covalent bonds? | Form when atoms share two or more valence bonds
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| What affects the occurence of a chemical reaction? | 1. Temperature 2. increase concentration of reactants and products 3. availability of a catalyst.
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| What is dehydration synthesis? | The removal of water from a molecule
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| What is hydrolysis? | Breaking down molecules by adding water
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| What is an acid? | A molecule that can donate a proton or accept an electron to increase the concentration
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| What is a base? | Chemical that accepts hydrogen ions
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| What is a buffer? | A chemical that releases or accepts hydrogen ions as necessary to keep ph constant "protects the cell"
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| What are the 4 types of biologically important molecules? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphus, sulfur
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| What are the functions of a protein? | 1. enzyme catalyst 2. defense 3. transport 4. support(cytoskeleton) 5. motion 6. regualtion 7. storage the shape of the protein also gives it its function
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| How are triglycerides important in the body? | they are good for long term storage, store twice as much energy as carbohydrates, saturated fats normally come from animals. (stay solid at rooms temperature). plants are unsaturated fats because when they are room temperature they turn into oils
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| What is starch? | An energy source used for plants. It is also a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.
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| What is glycogen? | Stored in humans liver. holds 24 hour supply, it's also metabotically active. a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis.
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| What is cell theory? | that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms
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| What does cells have in common? | 1. Genetic material 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma membrane
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| What is a prokaryotic cell? | They lack a membrane bond nucleus. there are two tyoes archae and bacteria, they have a cell wall and a cytoplasm
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| What is a eukaryotic cell? | Has a membrane bound nucleus, more complex, works together as a group, possess cytoskeleton
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| What is a nucleus? | Membrane bound and stores genetic information
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| What is a ribosome? | Not membrane bound, composed of ribosomal rna, makes proteins
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| Rough ER | contains ribosomes
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| Smooth ER | makes lipids and carbohydrates
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| Golgi apparatus | packing and sorts materials from ER
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| Lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes
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| peroxisome | convert hydrogen peroxide to water
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| cloraplast | carry out photo synthesis
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| Centrioles | cell division
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| Plasma membrane | nucleus of a cell
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| What is a endomembrane system? | A series of membranes throughout he cytoplasm, prokaryotic cells don't have one, divides cells into comparments
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| What is fluid mosaic model? | a model that membranes consist of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, globular proteins inserted in lipid bilayer, are not static
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| What is passive transport? | movement through molecules through the membrane in which energy is not required
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| What is active transport? | Movement through molecules in which energy is required ATP
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| What is diffusion? | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
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| What is osmosis? | movement of water from high concentration to low concentration, always moves to the area of high concentration, and always requires WATER
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| What is facilitated diffusion? | movement from high concentration with help (grabs onto a molecule and transport it across the membrane)
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| What is isotonic? | Equal solute concentration
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| What is hypertonic? | Has a high solute concentration
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| What is hypotonic? | Has a lower solute concentration
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| What is phagocytosis? | Cells take in particle matter (to eat)
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| Pinocytosis | Cells take in fluid only (to drink)
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis? | Specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor
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| What are the four mechanisms for communication between cells? | 1. Direct contact 2. paracrine signaling 3. endocrine signaling 4. synaptic signaling
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| What are the various types of cell adhesion molecules that cells can possess? | peptides, large proteins, individual amino acids, nucleotides, steroids,nitrous oxide
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| How does a G-protein coupled receptor work? | Assist in transmitting the signal. activates enzymes or ions.
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| What is a intercellular receptor? | located withina cell, they bind to hydrophobic ligands that can cross the plasma membrane
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| Membrane receptor? | Are located on the plasma membrane to bind to a hydrophilic ligand outside of the cell
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