Biology Chapter 10 Vocabulary
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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Virulent | Disease-causing
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Transformation | The type of transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism.
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Bacteriophage | Viruses that infect bacteria.
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Nucleotide | The two long chains of repeating subunits that make up DNA.
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Deoxyribose | The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide.
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Nitrogenous Base | An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or a pyrimidine.
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Purine | Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms, such as adenine and guanine.
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Pyrimidine | Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine.
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Base-pairing Rules | The rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA.
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Complementary Base Pair | The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand.
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Base Sequence | The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA.
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DNA Replication | The process by which DNA is copied in a call before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission.
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Helicase | An enzyme that separates DNA strands.
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Replication Fork | A Y-shaped point that when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated.
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DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.
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Semi-conservative Replication | In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new.
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Mutation | A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule.
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis.
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Transcription | The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template.
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Translation | The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains.
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Protein Synthesis | The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.
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Ribose | A five-carbon sugar present in RNA.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | An organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) | An RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation.
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RNA Polymerase | An enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template.
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Promoter | A nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene.
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Termination Signal | A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene.
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Genetic Code | The rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Codon | In DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal.
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Anticodon | A region of tRNA that consist of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA.
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Genome | The complete genetic material contained in an individual.
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