Immunology
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| The body's ability to recognize and defend against specific antigens. | Immunity
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| Body's defense mechanism; allows rapid response to foreign substances in a specific manner. Genetic and cellular responses result. | Immune System
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| Medication, age, chronic disease, integrity of CNS, diet, trauma, and general physical and emotional status all effect what? | Immune Function
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| Occurs across the lifespan and are either genetically based on acquired. | Immune Dysfunction
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| Name three capabilities of the immune system. | Built-in memory, tolerance, and surveillance
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| Study of diseases that result from dysfunction | Immunopatholgy
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| Excess, deficiencies, or alterations of immunocompetent cells, immunological attack of self-antigens, and inappropriate or exaggerated response to specific antigens are all what? | Causes of Immune System Disorders
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| Normal protective immune response attacks the body leading to tissue damage and often chronic body changes is known as what? | Autoimmune
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| What is it when the body produces exaggerated response to specific antigen? | Hypersensitivity
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| Overproduction of immunoglobulins (frequently referred to as blood dyscrasia) is known as what? | Gammopathies
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| Another term for disease of the blood | Dyscrasia
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| Immune deficiencies can be ___________ or __________. | Primary or Secondary
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| Genetic improper formation of immune cells is a ___________ immune deficiency. | Primary
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| Acquired later in life; interference with developed immune system is a ___________ immune deficiency. | Secondary
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| Type of infection-fighting white blood cell. Vital to effective, healthy immune system. Patrol the body for infectious microorganisms. | Lymphocytes
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| Produced in bone marrow and will either mature into b or t cells. Housed in lymph organs or throughout the body. | Lymphocytes
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| Mature in bone marrow. Become memory or plasma cells. If plasma cells, will create antibodies. | B Cells
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| What cells are responsible for humoral response? | B Cells
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| Mature in thymus. Either Regulator or Effector. Regulator become helper or suppressor. Effector = cytotoxic. | T Cells
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| What cells are responsible for cellular response? | T Cells
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| The skin is the _______________ line of defense. | First
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| B Cells are the ____________ line of defense. | Second
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| T Cells are the _____________ line of defense. | Third
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| What three things are categorized as Granulocytes? | Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils
(Way to remember: Ben)
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| What two things are categorized as Non-Granulocytes? | Lymphocytes and Monocytes
(Way to remember: LMN)
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| First to arrive at the site of invasion | Granulocytes
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| Phagocytic cells that consume cellular debris, immune complexes, and bacterial and viral particles. Stimulated by acute baterial infections and trauma. | Neutrophils
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| When neutrophil production is significantly stimulated, immature neutrophils enter the circulation and are called ___________. This is called a "____________". | Bands
"Shift to the left"
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| Most abundant type of granulocyte (40-75%) Essential for fighting disease. | Neutrophils
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| Lack of neutrophils is called ___________. | Neutropenia
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| Called mast cells. Contain histamine and initiates the inflammatory response. | Basophils
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| Stimulated in the presence of parasites and allergies. Also increase immune and inflammatory response. | Eosinophils
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| What two things do not respond to bacterial and viral infections? High count does not indicate infection. | Basophils and Eosinophils
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| Least common type of WBC | Basophils
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| Migrate into tissue and called macrophages. Have phagocytic ability. Similar to neutrophils as they are produced more rapidly and live longer. | Monocytes
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| Include B and T cells. Involved in cellular and humoral responses. Fight bacterial and viral infections. | Lymphocytes
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| Immunoglobulins are also known as ____________. | Antibodies
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| Immunoglobulins found in the nose, ears, GI, and vagina | IgA
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| Immunoglobulins found in the tissues that line inner abdomen and chest | IgD
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| Immunoglobulins found in the mucous membranes (lung, skin) d/t pollen, fungus, and animal dander | IgE
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| Immunoglobulins found in all body fluids. Smallest, but most common type. | IgG
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| Immunoglobulins found in the lymph and blood. First responders. | IgM
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| Spleen acts as a ________. | Filter
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| Red pulp signifies where old RBCs are _________. | Destroyed
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| White pulp signifies concentration of _______________ that respond to __________. | Lymphocytes
Antigens
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| Where do T cells go after maturing in the thymus? | Spleen and Lymph Nodes
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| Which age group has a more active thymus gland? | Children
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| Lymph nodes remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the _____________. | Bloodstream
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| Defend body's mucosal surfaces from microorganisms. Contain macrophages, and T and B cells | Tonsils, adenoids, and other lymphatic tissue
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| Natural immunity is also called __________ immunity. | Inate
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| Type of Immunity: Nonspecific response to any foreign invader. Active at birth. | Natural Immunity
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| Type of Immunity: Broad spectrum of defense and resistance to infection. Does not "remember"; attacks all things equal. | Natural Immunity
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| Coordinates initial response that decides whether to active cells to control the pathogen via elimination or promote acquired immunity. | Natural Immunity
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| 2 stages of response and how long until active | Immediate (within 4 hours)
Delayed (Can be 4 to 96 hours)
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| Cellular response (WBC action) is key and stimulates the ____________, which is the major function. | Inflammatory Response
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| Begins with tissue injury or from antigens. Variety of chemical mediators are released by WBCs. | Inflammatory Response
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| Chemical mediator which causes the blood to dilute | Bradykinin
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| Chemical mediator which regulates (contract and relax) smooth muscle | ostoprostaglandins
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| Natural mechanisms include ________ barriers, which include skin, mucous membranes, and cilia of the respiratory tract. | Physical
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| Natural mechanisms include ___________ barriers, which include acidic gastric secretions, mucus, enzymes in tears and saliva, and sweat | Chemical
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| Usually develops as a result of prior exposure to antigen. Obtained either through vaccine or by contracting disease. | Acquired Immunity
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| Acquired immunity is also known as ________ immunity. | Adaptive
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| Type of Immunity: Immune response is produces months after the initial exposure. Relies on recognition of the foreign antigen. Development of immunity either active or passive. | Acquired Immunity
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| Immunity developed by person's own body and lasts many years/lifetime. | Active-Acquired Immunity
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| Example of active-acquired immunity is a _______. | Vaccine
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| Immunity is a temporary boost. Transmitted from outside source that has immunity. | Passive-Acquired Immunity
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| Example of passive-acquired immunity is _______. | Immuniglobulins given IM or IV
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| Occurs when an antigen enters the body and body responds by making antibodies. Can occur under natural or artificial conditions. | Active-Acquired Immunity
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| Pathogenic bacteria or virus is made ineffective by process known as ___________, then added to vaccine. | Attenuation
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| Temporary immunity transmitted from source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous exposure to disease or immunization. | Passive-Acquired Immunity
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| Type of Immunity: "Ready-made" antibodies. Short-lived and frequently obtained from blood plasma of people with acquired immunity. | Passive-Acquired Immunity.
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| Immune globulin, antiserum after exposure to hepatitis, or breastfeeding and the transfer of antibodies are examples of what immunity? | Passive-Acquired Immunity
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| If unable to clear the antigen from the body, the person becomes ___________ or __________. | Immunocompromised or Immunodeficient
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| Overly robust or misdirected immunity leads to allergies, asthma, or _____________. | Autoimmune Disease
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| Recurring inflammatory response, which are mediated by T cells and __________, lead to __________. | Cytokines
Tissue Damage
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| Programmed cell death is also known as __________. | Apoptosis
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| B cells transform into _______ which create antibodies. | Plasma Cells
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| T cells turn into special __________ cells that attack. | Cytotoxic/Killer Cells
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| What are the four stages of the immune response? | Recognition
Proliferation
Response
Effector
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| Stage of Immune Response: Ability to recognize antigens as foreign in order to react. Lymph nodes continually release lymphocytes into tissues and blood vessels to patrol. Circulate and recirculate blood > lymph on constant circuit. | Recognition Stage
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| Stage of Immune Response: Circulating lymphocytes return to nearest lymph node and stimulates B and T lymphocytes to enlarge, divide and proliferate. | Proliferation Stage
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| Stage of Immune Response: T lymph produce and release antibodies. Enlargement of nearby lymph nodes occurs. | Proliferation Stage
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| Stage of Immune Response: Release of lymphocytes in either a humoral or cellular capacity. | Response Stage
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| Stage of Immune Response: Destruction of invading microbes or the complete neutralization of toxin through humoral or cellular response. | Effector Stage
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| Immunoglobulin Class: 75% total immunoglobulins. Found in serum and tissues. Major role in bloodstream and tissue infections. Enhances phagocytosis. Second titer to elevate. Activates the complement system. | IgG
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| Immunoglobulin Class: 15% of immunoglobulins. Protects against infections. Prevents absorption of antigens from foods and passes to neonate in breastmilk. | IgA
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| Immunoglobulin Class: 10% of immunoglobulins. First antibodies produced during bacterial and viral infections. Activates the complement system. First titer to elevate. | IgM
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| Immunoglobulin Class: 0.2% of immunoglobulins. Role is unclear | IgD
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| Immunoglobulin Class: 0.004% of immunoglobulins. Allergic reactions. Possibly combats parasitic infections. | IgE
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| What system helps clear pathogens from body plasma proteins that circulate in an active form in the blood. | Complement System
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| Complement System: Produced by ___________ and activated when an antibody connects with antigen. | Liver
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| Defend against bacterial infections, facilitate natural and acquired immunity, and disposes of immune complexes and byproducts of inflammation are all functions of what? | Complement System
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| Immunomodulators: Naturally produced, capable of activating other components in immune system, anti-viral and anti-tumor properties, researching use in AIDS. Tx MS, hepatitis | Interferons
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| Immunomodulators: Naturally produced, r/t stimulating RBC production, helps regulate growth of bone marrow cells | Colony-Stimulating Factors
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| Increased leukocyte count is indicative of what? | Leukocytosis
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| Using lab techniques to change the DNA of living organisms is called ___________. | Genetic Engineering
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| One type of genetic engineering combines genes from ___________ to manufacture new _________ that may enhance immune system function. | Two separate organisms
Organisms
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| A second type of genetic engineering is ________________. | Experimental DNA Technology
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| Originates in the bone marrow. Can create new erythrocytes and leukocytes. | Stem Cells
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| Have the ability to generate into over 220 other types of cells in the body. | Stem Cells
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| Research has shown that ______ can restore a destroyed immune system. | Stem Cells
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| Stem cells are obtained from what three places? | Self (Autologus)
Donor (Allogenic)
Identical Twin (Syngeneic)
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| IV infusion of stem cells will migrate to _________. | Bone Marrow
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| Takes several weeks for new stem cells to produce new ________ and patient's blood count to start increasing. | Blood Cells
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| What two things are major suppressors of the immune system? | Chemo Agents
Steroids
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| Be sure to read and understand the chart 35-3 on page 979 | Good luck!
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| The inability to coordinate movements is called ________. |
Ataxia
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| Inborn errors of immune function, autoimmunity, and cancer __________ immunodeficiency category. |
Primary
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| What Immunodeficiency Category: Frequently occur as a result of underlying disease processes or the treatment of those diseases. |
Secondary
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| HIV is a well known virus in this category |
Secondary
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| Most prevalent cause of secondary immunodeficiency worldwide is __________. | Severe Malnutrition
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| Term for immunodeficient with chronic infections. Have inability to fight off any more. | Immunocompromised
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| Have antiviral and antitumor properties | Interferons
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| During which stage of the immune response does the circulating lymphocyte containing the antigenic message return to the nearest lymph node? | Proliferation
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| Which of the medication classifications are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis or release? | NSAIDs
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| Which stage of the immune response occurs when the differentiated lymphocytes function in either a humoral or a cellular capacity | Response
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| A process in which the antigen-antibody molecule is coated with a sticky substance that facilitates phagocytosis | Opsonization
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| Which of the immunoglobulins assumes a major role in blood-borne and tissue infections? | IgG
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| Which type of cells are capable of recognizing and killing infected or stressed cells and producing cytokines? | Natural killer cells
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| The pt’s teaching of ibuprofen is effective based on which of the following patient statements explaining the drugs effect on the immune system? a) Motrin can cause pancytopenia b) Motrin can cause thrombocytopenia c) Motrin can cause neutropenia | c) Motrin can cause neutropenia
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| What is the first cell type to be elevated to prevent infection? | Neutrophils
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| Used to treat immune-related disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis) and chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., chronic hepatitis) | Interferons
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| Appears in serum and tissues, assumes a major role in bloodborne and tissue infections, and crosses the placenta | IgG
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| Appears in body fluids (blood, saliva, tears, breast milk, and pulmonary, gastrointestinal, prostatic, and vaginal secretions). Protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections, and passes to the neonate in breast milk. | IgA
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