vocab
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| virulent | disease-causing strain of a bacterium
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) | bacterium that caused lung-disease
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| S strain | smooth-edged colonies grown in Petri dishes
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| R strain | rough-edged colonies grown in Petri dishes
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| transformation | transfer of genetic material from one cell or organism to another
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| Oswald Avery | American researcher who, in the early 1940s, tested if transforming agent was protein, RNA, or DNA
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| Frederick Griffith | British medical officer who, in 1928, studied and experimented on bacterium called S. pneumoniae
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| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria
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| Escherischia coli (E. coli) | bacteria that Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey experimented on
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| nucleotide | repeating subunits of the strands of DNA
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| deoxyribose | what the five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotide is called
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| nitrogenous base | a base that is made of nitrogen and carbon atoms, and also accepts hydrogen ions
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| hydrogen bonds | the bonds formed between bases of a strand of DNA
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| purines | bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms ex. adenine and guanine
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| pyrimidines | bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms ex. cytosine and thymine
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| thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine | the four different kinds of ways the nitrogenous bases form
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| rings | nitrogenous bases and their chemical structure
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| base-pairing rules | the rules that state which bases form with other bases
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| strands | the two long chains that are in a single nucleic-acid chain of DNA
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| complementary base pairs | the bases that pair with their corresponding side i.e. A-T and C-G
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| base sequence | the order of bases on a chain of DNA
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| helicase | the enzymes that separate the DNA strands
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| replication fork | Y-shaped region that results when the two strands separate
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| DNA polymerases | enzymes that add complementary nucleotides
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| semi-conservative replication | type of replication in DNA that states each new DNA molecule conserves one of the previous DNA strands, the other previous strand remaining there
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| ribonucleic acid | polymeric molecule responsible for various roles in DNA such as decoding, coding, and expression of genes
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| mRNA | RNA molecule that conveys genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome and uses that information to specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression
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| tRNA | a type of RNA that helps decode a mRNA sequence into a protein
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| rRNA | the RNA component of the ribosome, which is essential for protein synthesis in all living things
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| RNA | one of the three essential macro-molecules for all known forms of life in biology
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