Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; made of repeating subunits of nucleotides; it consists of 2 chains of nucleotides.
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| Parts of DNA | sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate (phosphorous), bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
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| Purines | adenine and guanine; made of two rings of carbon.
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| pyrimidines | cytosine and thymine; only one ring of carbon
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| Watson and Crick | suggested models of double helix for the structure of DNA. They won a Nobel Prize in 1962 in medicine.
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| Complementary Pairs | C---G and T---A
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| Replication of DNA | the copying of DNA
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| process of replication part 1 | 2 nucleotide chains separate by unwinding and each chain is the base for a new chain.
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| process of replication part 2 | Enzymes called DNA polymerase bind to the separated DNA chains. New chains are assembled using Nucleotides.
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| process of replication part 3 | 2 copies of the original nucleotides are produced.
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| Accuracy of replication | one error in every 10,000 paired nucleotides.
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| Repair of errors | Enzymes can repair the errors and bring the chance down to 1/1,000,000,000.
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid
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| responsibilities of RNA | RNA is responsible for the movement of genetic information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis.
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| structure of RNA | repeating unites of sugar (ribose), phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base.
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| DNA vs RNA | the sugar in RNA is only ribose, thymine is not present, and RNA is single stranded.
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | a single uncoiled change of RNA nucleotides. carries genetic information.
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| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | 45 varieties, consists of about 80 nucleotides shaped like a hairpin.
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | most abundant form of RNA. It is in a globular shape. it makes up the ribosomes where the proteins are made.
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| transcription | process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA.
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| protein synthesis | the production of proteins.
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| proteins | polymers; made of one of more polypeptides; 20 types of amino acids; three dimensional structure determined by sequence amino acids.
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| genetic code | correlation between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence.
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| codon | 3 mRNA nucleotides
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| start codon | AUG
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| stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA
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| translation | the process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA
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| anticodon | the loop opposite of the site of amino acid attachment, complementary with the mRNA codon.
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| ribsome | composed of RNA and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
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| ribose | sugar
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