biology ch. 10 nucleic acids and protein synthesis.
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| 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide | sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
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| sugar (DNA) | deoxyribose
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| sugar (RNA) | ribose
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| nitrogen containing bases (4) | adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
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| adenine and guanine | purines made of two rings of carbon
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| cytosine and thymine | pyrimidines made of one carbon ring
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| complementary base pairs | C-G, T-A
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| replication | the process of copying DNA in a cell.
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| helicases | enzymes that separate 2 nucleotide chains.
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| DNA polymerase | enzymes that bind to the separate chains of DNA
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| original sequence of DNA | ATTCCG
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| the new nucleotide chain | TAAGGC
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| mutation | change in the nucleotide sequence
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| RNA | responsible for the movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytosol
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| structure of RNA | sugar, (ribose), phosphate, nitrogen containing base
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| RNA differs from DNA... | the sugar is ribose, thymine is NOT present, but uracil is, and RNA is single stranded.
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| types of RNA | messenger (mRNA), Transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA).
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| watson and Crick | 1953- suggested model of double helix for structure of DNA. inspired by the x-ray photos of DNA crystals. 1962 nobel prize in medicine.
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| bases | face toward the center and face the base of other chains with which they form hydrogen bonds.
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| messenger RNA | consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain. carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to cytosol (cytoplasm)
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| transfer RNA | binds to specific amino acids. about 45 varieties. consists of about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds to specific amino acids.
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| Ribosomal RNA | most abundant form. Consists of RNA nucleotides in globular form. joined by proteins, it makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made.
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| transcription | process by which genetic information is copied fromDNA to RNA. makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made.
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| transcripts | products of transcription. (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
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| protein synthesis | production of proteins.
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| proteins | polymers made of one or more polypeptides.
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| genetic code | a correlation between a nucleotide sequence and and an amino acid sequence.
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| codon | 3 mRNA nucleotides, signal for translation of an mRNA to start or stop
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| start codon | AUG
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| stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA
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| amino acids (20) | sequence of amino acids determines how the polypeptides will twist and fold into the three dimensional structure of the protein.
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| peptide bonds | link together a specific sequence of amino acids.
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