Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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| Double Helix | shape of DNA
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| Purines | Adenine and Guanine
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| Pyrimidines | Cytosine and Thymine
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| replication | process of copying DNA
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| Helicases | enzymes that separate base pairs
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| DNA Polymerase | enzymes that bind to the separated chains of DNA
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| Complimentary Base Pairs | C-G, A-T
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| 1 in 1000000000 (1 billion) | amount of error in paired nucleotides after proofreading
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| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid
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| DNA nucleotide | sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate (phosphorus), and 1 nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
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| RNA nucleotide | sugar(ribose), phosphate, nitrogen containing base
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| messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries genetic info from DNA to cytoplasm; single uncoiled chain
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| transfer RNA (tRNA) | binds to specific amino acids; 45 varieties; single chain of approx. 80 RNA nucleotides; hairpin shape
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| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | most abundant; globular form; makes up the ribosome where proteins are made
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| transcription | process by which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA
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| mRNA, tRNA, rRNA | products of transcription (transcripts)
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| protein synthesis | production of proteins; amount/type of protein determine structure & function of the cell
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| proteins | polymers; made of 1+ polypeptides; may contain 1000s of amino acids
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| amino acids | 20; determines how the polypeptides will twist and fold into the 3D protein structure
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| genetic code | correlation between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence; used by most organisms to translate mRNA transcripts into proteins
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| codon | 3 mRNA nucleotides; codes for specific amino acids; some do not code at all( signal for translation of an mRNA to start/stop
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| AUG | start codon
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| UAA,UAG, UGA | stop codon
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| translation | process of assembling polypeptides from info encoded in mRNA; begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane
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| anticodon | the loop opposite of the site of the amino acid attachment bears a sequence of 3 nucleotides; complementary; pairs with the mRNA codon
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| ribosomes | composed of rRNA and proteins and are free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
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| binding sites | one holds and mRNA transcript so that its codons are accessible to rRNA molecules; the other two hold tRNAs whose anticodons pair with mRNA codons
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| DNA vs. RNA | in RNA sugar is ribose, thymine is NOT present, but uracil is, and it is single stranded
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| adenine and guanine | made of two rings of carbon; purines
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| cytosine and thymine | made of one ring of carbon; pyrimidines
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