Chapter 12
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| What type of molecule is DNA? | organic
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| What is DNA made up of? | carbon
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| What macromolecule is DNA? | nucleic acid
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| Where is DNA located? | in the nucleus; in the chromosomes
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| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribose nucleic acid
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| What are the functions of DNA? | hereditary instructions; chemical code for every trait; "blueprint" for making proteins
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| What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? | nucleotides
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| What three parts make up DNA? | phosphate groups, deoxyribose, nitrogen bases
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| What are the nitrogen bases that are in DNA? | adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine i
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| What is the shape of DNA? | ladder, double helix
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| What does Watson and Crick's DNA model loock | Slides Rotate: sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate
Rungs: Attached to sugar
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| What is the complimentary base for thymine? | adenine
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| What is the complementary base for guanine? | cytosine
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| what is the complementary base for thymine? | adenine
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| What is the complementary base for cytosine? | guanine
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| What first has to happen during DNA replication? | DNA untwists
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| What do enzymes do to DNA so it can replicate? | unzip them
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| What happens after the DNA is unzipped? | DNA polymerase creates corresponding base pairs
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| After the DNA polymerase creates corresponding base pairs what happens to the DNA | it reforms;2 strands twist into helix
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| What results from DNA replication | 2 identical strands
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| What is the name of the process where DNA copies itself? | interphase
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| Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide | phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen bases
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| What happens during DNA replication? | chromosomes double
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| When does DNA replication occur and what stage of this? | mitosis, interphase(S phase)
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| what happens to the Diploid number when Mitosis occurs? | 2n to 4n
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| What two pieces of a nubleotide alternate as the backbone of DNA? | Phosphate groups and deoxyribose
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| Of what are the DNA rungs comprised? | nitrogen bases
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| What is produced from replication? | 2 identical strands
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| Which nitrogen bases are pyrimidine? | thymine, cytosine, and uracil
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| Which nitrogen bases are purine? | adenine and guanine
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| What are the three types of RNA? | messenger RNA, Ribosomal, and transfer
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| What is the function of mRNA? | carry instructions
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| What is the function of ribosomal rna | combines with proteins
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| What is the function of transfer RNA | brings amino acids to ribosome
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| Where does mRNA perform its function(how)? | it carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome
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| Why does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins? | to make up ribosome
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| What are the two stages of protein synthesis? | transcription and translation
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| Where does transcription occur? | in the nucleus
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| Where does translation occur? | in the ribosome
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| What happens during transcription? | mRNA retrieves DNA message to make proteins
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| what happens during translation? |
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| What does RNA stand for? | ribonucleic acid
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| What type or molecule is RNA and what is it made of? | organic molecule-made of carbon
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| What type of macromolecule is RNA? | nucleic acid
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| That are the three types of RNA? | transfer, messenger and ribosomal
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| What is different about the structure of DNA vs. the structure of RNA? | DNA is double-stranded; RNA is a single strand
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| What is different about the type of sugar in DNA and RNA? | DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
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| What is different about the nitrogen bases in DNA versus RNA? | Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
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| What is different between DNA and RNA/size? | DNA is a very large molecule, RNA is a small molecule
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| What is produced from DNA during transcription. | mRNA
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| Where does transcription? | mucleus
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| What are the three steps to transcription? | DNA untwists, DNA unzips, and mRNA codons line up
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| What is a codon | 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA
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| If there are 9 nitrogen bases in a DNA strand, how many codons are there? | 3
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| RNA has what instead of thymine? | uracil
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| What molecule provides instructions to make proteins | tRNA
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| What type of RNA receives a copy of the instructions to make proteins? | mRNA
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| What base replaces thymine in RNA? | Uracil
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| What is the mRNA base for the DNA base adenine? | uracil
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| What is translation | conversion of the message (mRNA code)
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| Translation converts a message into what? | a protein
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| Where does translation occur? | in the ribosome
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| What is a polypeptide? | a chain of amino acids
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| What happens during translation? | mRNA arrives at ribosome, tRNA picks up AA and delivers it to the ribosome
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| What are the three types of RNA? | ribosomal, messenger and transfer
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| When the anticodon for tRNA arrives at the ribosome, what does tRNA deliver | amino acids
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| What is always the start codon | aug
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| What are the jobs or RNA polymerase? | unzips DNA
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| Every protein in the body starts with what? | AUG
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| What does transfer RNA transfer? | amino acids
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| What does the mRNA attach to? | ribosome
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| Where does translation begin? | at AUG start codon
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| tRNA anticodons match to what ? | mRNA codons
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| Why does tRNA carry amino acids | to build proteins
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| What does the ribosome join during translation? | amino acids
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| What happens to the tRNA during translation? | it breaks away
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| During translation, the ribosome does what after joining amino acids? | moves along mRNA and continues to bind amino acids
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| What codon completes the polypeptide? | the STOP codon
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| What process produces four genetically different cells? | meiosis
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| List the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? | deoxyribose, nitrogen bases, and phostphate groupds
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| Which RNA;s are involved in protein synthesis? | tRNA and mRna
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| What are the two products of photosynthesis? | oxygen and high energy sugars
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| How many codons are needed for three amino acids? | 3
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| Cells of eukaryotes perform certain functions because of gene regulation. What is this called? | cell spcialization
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| what is the building block of a starch? | simple sugar
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| What are the building blocks or RNA? | ribose sugar, nitrogen bases, and phophate groups
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| What type of cell lacks a nucleus? | prokaryote
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| If a parent cell has 8 chromosomes, how many will its daughter cells contain after mitosis? | 4
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| What process copies DNA? | DNA replication
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| What sugar does RNA contain | ribose
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| What do genes contain instructions to make? | proteins
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| The cell uses information from mRNA to make proteins during what stage? | transcription
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| Why can an amino acid be specified by more than one codon? | more codons that amino acids
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| What is a mutation involving as single nucleotide called? | point mutation
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| Which type of mutation is never a frameshift? | single substitution
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| What is produced from transcription? | mRNA?
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| What base does RNA contain that is missing in DNA? | uracil
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| What principle states that genes for different traits separate without influencing each other | independent assortment
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| Which structure serves as the cell's boundary from the environment? | membrane
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| What is the start sie for RNA polymerase called? | Promoter
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| What has one allele of each gene? | gametes
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| If a DNA strand has the following bases: GCATTA, what would it produce after replication? | CGTAAT
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