Ch6 METABOLISM
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency
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| activation energy | energy necessary for reactions to occur
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| active site | specific region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds
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| allosteric inhibition | inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which
induces a conformational change and reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
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| anabolic | (also, anabolism) pathways that require an input of energy to synthesize complex
molecules from simpler ones
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| bioenergetics | study of energy flowing through living systems
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| catabolic | (also, catabolism) pathways in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler
ones
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| chemical energy | potential energy in chemical bonds that is released when those bonds are broken
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| coenzyme | small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance
the activity of an enzyme
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| cofactor | inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal regulation of enzyme
activity
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| competitive inhibition | type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the active site of the enzyme
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| denature | process that changes the natural properties of a substance
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| endergonic | describes chemical reactions that require energy input
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| enthalpy | total energy of a system
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| entropy (S) | measure of randomness or disorder within a system
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| exergonic | describes chemical reactions that release free energy
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| feedback inhibition | effect of a product of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by
inhibiting the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway that produces it
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| free energy | Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work.
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| heat energy | total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
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| heat | energy energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the motion of
molecules or particles)
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| induced fit | dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify
their structures to allow for ideal binding
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| kinetic energy | type of energy associated with objects or particles in motion
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| metabolism | all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and
catabolism
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| phosphoanhydride bond | bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule
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| potential energy | type of energy that has the potential to do work; stored energy
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| substrate | molecule on which the enzyme acts
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| thermodynamics | study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
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| transition state | high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction
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