The Human Puzzle Chapter 8 Study Material
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Agreeableness | A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits friendly,
compassionate, and cooperative.
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| Archetype | Literally, the first or original model. In Jung’s theory, a sort of universal thought, present in all our minds throughout history, but largely unconscious. Common archetypes relate to god, birth, marriage, even snakes—all stimuli to which we often respond in similar ways.
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| Barnum Effect | The tendency to accept vague personality descriptions of oneself as accurate.
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| Big Five Factors | A widely accepted personality typology that includes extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
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| Conscientiousness | A “Big Five” personality factor including the traits efficient,
organized, and self-disciplined.
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| Defense Mechanisms | A mental tactic (like repression or denial), usually unconscious, designed to avoid conflict and anxiety.
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| Ectomorph | Sheldon’s frail, thin body type, described as withdrawn and concerned with intellectual matters.
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| Ego | In Freud’s theory, the rational, reality-oriented level of human personality. It develops as the child becomes aware of what the
environment makes possible and impossible.
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| Electra Complex | A Freudian stage (around 4 years) when a girl’s awareness of her genital area leads her to desire her father and to become jealous of her mother.
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| Endomorph | Sheldon’s large somatotype, believed to love comfort, be relaxed and sociable, and love eating.
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| Eros | A term employed by Freud to describe the life instinct, the urge for survival and procreation.
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| Extraversion | A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits outgoing,
energetic,and positive.
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| Facto rAnalysis | A statistical procedure for reducing correlational data to a smaller
number of dimensions by grouping closely related variables.
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| Fixation | The stoppage of development at an immature developmental stage, sometimes manifested in personality characteristics and emotional disorders relating to the earlier stage.
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| Genome | The complete set of chromosomes of an organism. All of an organism’s inheritable traits.
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| Genomics | The discipline that studies genomes in an attempt to establish relationships between genes and characteristics.
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| Id | In Freudian theory, all the instinctual urges that humans inherit, including eros and thanatos.
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| Identification | Refers to the process of assuming the goals, ambitions, mannerisms, and so on of another person.
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| Introversion | The opposite of extraversion: withdrawn, shy, reluctant to engage in social interaction.
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| Libido | A Freudian term denoting sexual urges.
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| Mesomorph | Sheldon’s moderate somatotype, believed to love adventure,
exercise, and activities that demand boldness and courage.
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| Neuroticism | A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits nervous, sensitive, and moody.
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| Oedipus Complex | A Freudian concept denoting the developmental stage (around
4 years) when a boy’s increasing awareness of the sexual meaning of his genitals leads him to desire his mother and envy
his father.
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| Openness | A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits inventive, curious, and unconventional.
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| Personality | The set of attributes that characterize an individual, including temperamental, emotional, mental, and behavioral tendencies.
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| Phenomenology | Concerned with the world of appearance—that is, the world as
it appears to the individual.
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| Psychodynamic Theory | The elaborate psychotherapeutic system developed by Freud, based on his notion that behavior (and behavior disorders) are motivated by unconscious urges and motives and repressed memories.
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| Regression | A Freudian expression for the phenomenon of reverting to some of the activities and preoccupations of earlier developmental stages.
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| Superego | The personality structure that defines the moral or ethical aspects of personality.
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| Thanatos | A Freudian term denoting the death wish or death instinct.
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| Trait | Any distinct, consistent characteristic that can vary from one person to another.
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| Type | A related grouping of personality traits.
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