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Chapter 8

The Human Puzzle Chapter 8 Study Material

TermDefinition
Agreeableness  A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits friendly, compassionate, and cooperative.
Archetype  Literally, the first or original model. In Jung’s theory, a sort of universal thought, present in all our minds throughout history, but largely unconscious. Common archetypes relate to god, birth, marriage, even snakes—all stimuli to which we often respond in similar ways.
Barnum Effect The tendency to accept vague personality descriptions of oneself as accurate.
Big Five Factors A widely accepted personality typology that includes extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Conscientiousness A “Big Five” personality factor including the traits efficient, organized, and self-disciplined.
Defense Mechanisms A mental tactic (like repression or denial), usually unconscious, designed to avoid conflict and anxiety.
Ectomorph Sheldon’s frail, thin body type, described as withdrawn and concerned with intellectual matters.
Ego In Freud’s theory, the rational, reality-oriented level of human personality. It develops as the child becomes aware of what the environment makes possible and impossible.
Electra Complex A Freudian stage (around 4 years) when a girl’s awareness of her genital area leads her to desire her father and to become jealous of her mother.
Endomorph Sheldon’s large somatotype, believed to love comfort, be relaxed and sociable, and love eating.
Eros A term employed by Freud to describe the life instinct, the urge for survival and procreation.
Extraversion A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits outgoing, energetic,and positive.
Facto rAnalysis A statistical procedure for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions by grouping closely related variables.
Fixation  The stoppage of development at an immature developmental stage, sometimes manifested in personality characteristics and emotional disorders relating to the earlier stage.
Genome The complete set of chromosomes of an organism. All of an organism’s inheritable traits.
Genomics The discipline that studies genomes in an attempt to establish relationships between genes and characteristics.
Id In Freudian theory, all the instinctual urges that humans inherit, including eros and thanatos.
Identification Refers to the process of assuming the goals, ambitions, mannerisms, and so on of another person.
Introversion The opposite of extraversion: withdrawn, shy, reluctant to engage in social interaction.
Libido A Freudian term denoting sexual urges.
Mesomorph Sheldon’s moderate somatotype, believed to love adventure, exercise, and activities that demand boldness and courage.
Neuroticism A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits nervous, sensitive, and moody.
Oedipus Complex A Freudian concept denoting the developmental stage (around 4 years) when a boy’s increasing awareness of the sexual meaning of his genitals leads him to desire his mother and envy his father.
Openness A “Big Five” personality factor that includes the traits inventive, curious, and unconventional.
Personality The set of attributes that characterize an individual, including temperamental, emotional, mental, and behavioral tendencies.
Phenomenology Concerned with the world of appearance—that is, the world as it appears to the individual.
Psychodynamic Theory The elaborate psychotherapeutic system developed by Freud, based on his notion that behavior (and behavior disorders) are motivated by unconscious urges and motives and repressed memories.
Regression A Freudian expression for the phenomenon of reverting to some of the activities and preoccupations of earlier developmental stages.
Superego The personality structure that defines the moral or ethical aspects of personality.
Thanatos A Freudian term denoting the death wish or death instinct.
Trait Any distinct, consistent characteristic that can vary from one person to another.
Type A related grouping of personality traits.
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