Lewin's Essential Genes Chapter 2
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| What is a linkage group? | A set of genes that do assort independently
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| What did Beadle and Tatum contribute to molecular biology? | The one gene: one polypeptide hypothesis
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| What cause a recessive mutation? A dominant mutation? | Loss of function by the polypeptide product. Gain of function
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| How does one test whether a gene is essential? | using a null mutation
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| What is a null mutation? | one that completely eliminates function
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| What do leaky mutations do? | Do not affect the function of the gene product, they are not shown in the phenotype because sufficient activity remains
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| What is a polymorphic distribution? | Distribution of alleles in which no individual allele can be considered the sole wild type (blood type)
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| What is polymorphism? | The simultaneous occurance of the population of alleles showing variations at a given position
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| What is frameshift mutation? | insertion or deletion
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| What are combinations of mutations? | They together insert or delete three bases (or multiples of three) that do not change the reading of the triplets beyond the last site of mutation
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| What is conlinearity? | Bacterial gene has a continuous length of 3N nucleotides that encode N amino acids, Gene is colinear with both mRNA and polypeptide products
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| What is an antisense strand? | The template strande, to which mRNA is complementary
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| What is a sense stand? | The coding strand to which mRNA is identical
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| How can introns be detected? | The presence of additional regions
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| How are genes compared with their RNA products? | restriction mapping or electron microscopy
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| What are paralogs? | genes that share common ancestory due to gene duplication
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| what is an example of a paralog? | alpha and beta globin genes (variability in introns)
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| Are positions of introns conserved? | yes when homologous genes are compared among different organisms
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| what can vary with the introns? | the length
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| How long are typical exons? | short, encoding <100 amino acids
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| What are genes like in yeasts compared to multicellular eukaryotes? | uninterrupted in yeast
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| in which type of organism are introns typcically short? | unicellular eukaryotes
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| What is alternative initiation or termination? | Allows two proteins to be generated where one is equivalent to a fragment of the other
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| what is an overlapping gene? | part of one sequence occurs within another sequence
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| what is alternative splicing? | removal of introns and combining of exons, or removal of introns and one or more exons
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| what is a gene family? | a group of genes that encode related or identical products as a result of gene duplication events
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| what is an ortholog? | related genes in different species
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| what is a homolog | related genes in the same species, such as alleles on homologous chromosomes or multiple genes in the same genome sharing common ancestory
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