PSYCH 225 Exam 1
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| show | Fertilization is the union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote.
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| show | Dizygotic twins are the union of 2 different ova with 2 different sperm cells. They are no more alike than regular siblings. Monozygotic twins result from the division of a single zygote after fertilization. The offspring are genetically identical.
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| show | Fertility drugs have increased the amount of multiple births.
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| show | The father determines the genetic sex of a baby.
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| Define recessive trait. Will a recessive trait be expressed in a person’s phenotype? | show 🗑
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| What is a phenotype? | show 🗑
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| Define mutation. | show 🗑
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| What are the three stages of prenatal development? | show 🗑
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| During which stage does the zygote implant in the uterine wall? | show 🗑
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| show | The placenta allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus.
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| During which stage do the major body organs and systems develop? | show 🗑
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| When is the unborn baby most susceptible to environmental influences (which stage)? | show 🗑
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| What is a teratogen? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Nicotine increases the risk of miscarriage, growth retardation, stillbirth, small head circumference, SID’s, colic, and long-term respiratory, neurological, cognitive, attentional and behavioral problems.
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| show | Impaired attention, impulsivity, difficult in using visual and perceptual skills after age 3
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| show | Physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral deficits
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| show | Learning, memory, and control deficits
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| What is a cesarean section? | show 🗑
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| show | The neonatal period lasts the first four weeks of life.
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| show | The spaces between the bones of the skull in an infant.
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| What is neonatal jaundice? Which bodily organ is responsible for it? | show 🗑
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| What is the Apgar scale? What are the five subscales? | show 🗑
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| show | It assesses motor organization, reflexes, state changes,, attention and interactive capacities, and indications of CNS instability.
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| Define mortality rate. | show 🗑
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| What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States? | show 🗑
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| Define Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). | show 🗑
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| What are ways to reduce the risk of SIDS? | show 🗑
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| What are the two principles of development? Explain each. | show 🗑
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| For how long is it recommended that women exclusively breast-feed? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateralization is the tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.
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| show | The left hemisphere is responsible for language and logical thinking while the right hemisphere is responsible for visual and spatial functions.
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| show | Touch, smell, taste, and hearing are well-developed at birth.
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| Which sense is the last to develop? | show 🗑
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| show | Common milestonesare rolling over, grasping rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, and grasping with thumb and finger
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| According to Piaget, what is a scheme? | show 🗑
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| show | Circular reactions are processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.
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| What is the primary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | show 🗑
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| What is the secondary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | show 🗑
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| show | Tertiary Circular Reaction: Action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar results; 5th Substage
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| During which substage do children achieve symbolic thinking? | show 🗑
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| What is object permanence? | show 🗑
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| Define and explain habituation. | show 🗑
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| show | Cross-Modal transference is the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another sense.
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| show | Prelinguistic speech is the utterance of sounds that are not words. Examples of this are crying, cooing, and babbling.
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| Define babbling. | show 🗑
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| show | Linguistic speech is verbal expression designed to convey meaning.
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| When do children usually say their first word (age range)? | show 🗑
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| show | Holophrase is a single word that conveys a complete thought.
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| show | Telegraphic speech is an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
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| What are the characteristics of early speech? | show 🗑
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| Define psychosocial development. | show 🗑
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| show | Rhythmic cry
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| Angry Cry? | show 🗑
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| Pain Cry? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 or 3 drawn out cries, no prolonged breath holding
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| show | Baby’s first smile is the result of subcortical nervous system activity.
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| show | Self-awareness is the realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things
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| show | The emotions of self-evaluation are: pride, shame, and guilt
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| Define empathy. | show 🗑
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| show | Temperament is a characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations. The 3 categories are: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up
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| show | Gender-typing is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender.
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| show | Their studies showed that infants attach themselves to the comforting mother and only feed from the uncomforting one when needed.
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| show | Strange situation was a laboratory technique used to study infant attachment. The types of attachment are: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent (Resistant), and Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment.
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| show | Socialization is the development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.
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| show | Compliance with parental expectations is the first step to socialization?
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| What are some of the effects of maternal employment on children’s development? | show 🗑
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| What percentage of mothers work? | show 🗑
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| show | The most important factor to consider in daycare is the caregiver.
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| How does your book characterize sibling relationships? | show 🗑
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