PSYCH 225 Exam 1
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| show | Fertilization is the union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote.
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| show | Dizygotic twins are the union of 2 different ova with 2 different sperm cells. They are no more alike than regular siblings. Monozygotic twins result from the division of a single zygote after fertilization. The offspring are genetically identical.
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| Why has there been an increase in multiple births recently? | show 🗑
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| show | The father determines the genetic sex of a baby.
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| show | A trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring. Yes, the recessive trait will be expressed in the person’s phenotype.
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| show | A phenotype is the observable characteristics of a person.
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| Define mutation. | show 🗑
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| show | The three stages are germinal, embryonic, and the fetal stages.
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| show | The zygote implants in the uterine wall during the germinal stage.
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| show | The placenta allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus.
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| During which stage do the major body organs and systems develop? | show 🗑
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| show | The embryonic stage is when the unborn baby is most susceptible to environmental influences.
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| What is a teratogen? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome? | show 🗑
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| How can nicotine affect a developing fetus? | show 🗑
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| show | Impaired attention, impulsivity, difficult in using visual and perceptual skills after age 3
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| show | Physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral deficits
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| show | Learning, memory, and control deficits
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| show | A surgical operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of the mother's abdomen.
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| show | The neonatal period lasts the first four weeks of life.
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| show | The spaces between the bones of the skull in an infant.
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| show | Neonatal jaundice is the immaturity of the liver, which gives a yellowish hue to the infants’ skin tone.
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| What is the Apgar scale? What are the five subscales? | show 🗑
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| show | It assesses motor organization, reflexes, state changes,, attention and interactive capacities, and indications of CNS instability.
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| show | The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
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| What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States? | show 🗑
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| Define Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). | show 🗑
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| What are ways to reduce the risk of SIDS? | show 🗑
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| What are the two principles of development? Explain each. | show 🗑
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| show | It is recommended that women breast feed exclusively for 6 months.
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| Define lateralization. | show 🗑
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| show | The left hemisphere is responsible for language and logical thinking while the right hemisphere is responsible for visual and spatial functions.
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| show | Touch, smell, taste, and hearing are well-developed at birth.
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| Which sense is the last to develop? | show 🗑
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| show | Common milestonesare rolling over, grasping rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, and grasping with thumb and finger
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| According to Piaget, what is a scheme? | show 🗑
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| show | Circular reactions are processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.
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| What is the primary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | show 🗑
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| show | Secondary Circular Reaction: Action gets a response from another person or object, leading to baby’s repeating original action; 3rd Substage
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| show | Tertiary Circular Reaction: Action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar results; 5th Substage
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| show | They achieve symbolic thinking in the 6th Substage.
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| What is object permanence? | show 🗑
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| show | Habituation is a type of learning which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response. Like a baby being shown a toy will show interest in that to for a period of time, but then become bored with it, thus becoming habituated to the toy.
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| Explain what cross-modal transference is. | show 🗑
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| show | Prelinguistic speech is the utterance of sounds that are not words. Examples of this are crying, cooing, and babbling.
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| show | Babbling is repeating consonant-vowel strings.
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| Define linguistic speech. | show 🗑
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| When do children usually say their first word (age range)? | show 🗑
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| show | Holophrase is a single word that conveys a complete thought.
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| show | Telegraphic speech is an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
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| show | The characteristics of early speech are simplify, understand grammatical relationships they can’t express yet, underextend word meanings, overextend word meanings, and overregularize rules.
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| Define psychosocial development. | show 🗑
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| Hunger Cry? | show 🗑
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| Angry Cry? | show 🗑
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| show | Sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by breath holding
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| show | 2 or 3 drawn out cries, no prolonged breath holding
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| What is the primary reason for a baby’s first smile? | show 🗑
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| show | Self-awareness is the realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things
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| show | The emotions of self-evaluation are: pride, shame, and guilt
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| show | Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
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| show | Temperament is a characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations. The 3 categories are: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up
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| What is gender-typing? | show 🗑
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| show | Their studies showed that infants attach themselves to the comforting mother and only feed from the uncomforting one when needed.
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| show | Strange situation was a laboratory technique used to study infant attachment. The types of attachment are: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent (Resistant), and Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment.
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| show | Socialization is the development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.
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| show | Compliance with parental expectations is the first step to socialization?
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| show | Negative effects on cognitive development and behavior
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| What percentage of mothers work? | show 🗑
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| show | The most important factor to consider in daycare is the caregiver.
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| How does your book characterize sibling relationships? | show 🗑
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