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PSYCH 225 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is fertilization? | Fertilization is the union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote. |
| Define dizygotic/fraternal and monozygotic/identical twins. Know the difference. | Dizygotic twins are the union of 2 different ova with 2 different sperm cells. They are no more alike than regular siblings. Monozygotic twins result from the division of a single zygote after fertilization. The offspring are genetically identical. |
| Why has there been an increase in multiple births recently? | Fertility drugs have increased the amount of multiple births. |
| Which parent determines the genetic sex of a baby? | The father determines the genetic sex of a baby. |
| Define recessive trait. Will a recessive trait be expressed in a person’s phenotype? | A trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring. Yes, the recessive trait will be expressed in the person’s phenotype. |
| What is a phenotype? | A phenotype is the observable characteristics of a person. |
| Define mutation. | Mutations are permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics. |
| What are the three stages of prenatal development? | The three stages are germinal, embryonic, and the fetal stages. |
| During which stage does the zygote implant in the uterine wall? | The zygote implants in the uterine wall during the germinal stage. |
| What are the primary functions of the placenta? | The placenta allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus. |
| During which stage do the major body organs and systems develop? | The embryonic stage is when major body organs and systems develop. |
| When is the unborn baby most susceptible to environmental influences (which stage)? | The embryonic stage is when the unborn baby is most susceptible to environmental influences. |
| What is a teratogen? | A teratogen is an environmental agent, such as a virus, drug, or radiation that can interfere with normal prenatal development and can cause developmental abnormalities. |
| What are the characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome? | A child with FAS has a combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities. |
| How can nicotine affect a developing fetus? | Nicotine increases the risk of miscarriage, growth retardation, stillbirth, small head circumference, SID’s, colic, and long-term respiratory, neurological, cognitive, attentional and behavioral problems. |
| What are the effects of prenatal marijuana use? | Impaired attention, impulsivity, difficult in using visual and perceptual skills after age 3 |
| What are the effects of prenatal cocaine use? | Physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral deficits |
| What are the effects of prenatal methamphetamine use? | Learning, memory, and control deficits |
| What is a cesarean section? | A surgical operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of the mother's abdomen. |
| How long does the neonatal period last? | The neonatal period lasts the first four weeks of life. |
| Explain what the fontanels are. | The spaces between the bones of the skull in an infant. |
| What is neonatal jaundice? Which bodily organ is responsible for it? | Neonatal jaundice is the immaturity of the liver, which gives a yellowish hue to the infants’ skin tone. |
| What is the Apgar scale? What are the five subscales? | The Apgar scale is the standard measurement of a newborn’s condition. The 5 subscales are appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration. |
| What does the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale assess? | It assesses motor organization, reflexes, state changes,, attention and interactive capacities, and indications of CNS instability. |
| Define mortality rate. | The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. |
| What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States? | The leading cause of infant death in the U.S. is birth defects. |
| Define Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). | SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. |
| What are ways to reduce the risk of SIDS? | Some ways to reduce SIDS are to sleep with a fan, place babies on their backs to sleep, not letting babies sleep on soft surfaces, and the use of pacifiers. |
| What are the two principles of development? Explain each. | Cephalocaudal Principle states that development proceeds in a head to toe direction. Proximodistal Principle states that development proceeds from within to without. |
| For how long is it recommended that women exclusively breast-feed? | It is recommended that women breast feed exclusively for 6 months. |
| Define lateralization. | Lateralization is the tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions. |
| What are the primary responsibilities (as discussed in class) of the left hemisphere? The right hemisphere? | The left hemisphere is responsible for language and logical thinking while the right hemisphere is responsible for visual and spatial functions. |
| Which senses are well-developed at birth? | Touch, smell, taste, and hearing are well-developed at birth. |
| Which sense is the last to develop? | Vision is the last sense to develop. |
| What are some common milestones achieved during the first year? | Common milestonesare rolling over, grasping rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, and grasping with thumb and finger |
| According to Piaget, what is a scheme? | A scheme is an organized pattern of thought and behavior used in particular situations. |
| How did Piaget define circular reactions? | Circular reactions are processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance. |
| What is the primary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | Primary Circular Reaction: Action and response both involve infant’s own body; 2nd Substage |
| What is the secondary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | Secondary Circular Reaction: Action gets a response from another person or object, leading to baby’s repeating original action; 3rd Substage |
| What is the tertiary circular reactions? Define and provide the substage during which we would see the reaction occur. | Tertiary Circular Reaction: Action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar results; 5th Substage |
| During which substage do children achieve symbolic thinking? | They achieve symbolic thinking in the 6th Substage. |
| What is object permanence? | Object permanence is knowing that a person or object still exists when out of sight. |
| Define and explain habituation. | Habituation is a type of learning which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response. Like a baby being shown a toy will show interest in that to for a period of time, but then become bored with it, thus becoming habituated to the toy. |
| Explain what cross-modal transference is. | Cross-Modal transference is the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another sense. |
| What is prelinguistic speech? What are examples of prelinguistic speech? | Prelinguistic speech is the utterance of sounds that are not words. Examples of this are crying, cooing, and babbling. |
| Define babbling. | Babbling is repeating consonant-vowel strings. |
| Define linguistic speech. | Linguistic speech is verbal expression designed to convey meaning. |
| When do children usually say their first word (age range)? | Children usually say their first word between 10 and 14 months. |
| What is a holophrase? | Holophrase is a single word that conveys a complete thought. |
| What is telegraphic speech? What would be an example? | Telegraphic speech is an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words. |
| What are the characteristics of early speech? | The characteristics of early speech are simplify, understand grammatical relationships they can’t express yet, underextend word meanings, overextend word meanings, and overregularize rules. |
| Define psychosocial development. | Psychosocial development is personality intertwined with social relationships. |
| Hunger Cry? | Rhythmic cry |
| Angry Cry? | Excess air is pushed through the vocal cords |
| Pain Cry? | Sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by breath holding |
| Frustration Cry? | 2 or 3 drawn out cries, no prolonged breath holding |
| What is the primary reason for a baby’s first smile? | Baby’s first smile is the result of subcortical nervous system activity. |
| Define self-awareness. | Self-awareness is the realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things |
| What are the emotions of self-evaluation? | The emotions of self-evaluation are: pride, shame, and guilt |
| Define empathy. | Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. |
| What is temperament? What are the three categories of temperament? | Temperament is a characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations. The 3 categories are: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up |
| What is gender-typing? | Gender-typing is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender. |
| Explain the findings of Harlow and Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys. | Their studies showed that infants attach themselves to the comforting mother and only feed from the uncomforting one when needed. |
| What is the strange situation? And what are the types of attachment? | Strange situation was a laboratory technique used to study infant attachment. The types of attachment are: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent (Resistant), and Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment. |
| Define socialization. | Socialization is the development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society. |
| What is the foundation of socialization? | Compliance with parental expectations is the first step to socialization? |
| What are some of the effects of maternal employment on children’s development? | Negative effects on cognitive development and behavior |
| What percentage of mothers work? | About 58% of mothers work. |
| When assessing the quality of a daycare, what is the most important factor to consider? | The most important factor to consider in daycare is the caregiver. |
| How does your book characterize sibling relationships? | Lessons and skills learned from interactions with siblings carry over outside the home |
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