THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF LIFE
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| acid | molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a
solution
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| adhesion | attraction between water molecules and other molecules
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| aliphatic hydrocarbon | hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
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| anion | negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
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| aromatic hydrocarbon | hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
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| atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
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| atomic mass | calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes
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| atomic number | total number of protons in an atom
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| balanced chemical reactions | statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of
atom equalized for both the products and reactants
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| base | molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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| buffer | substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
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| calorie | amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree
Celsius
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| capillary action | occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of
narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the
tubes
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| cation | positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
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| chemical bond | interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the
formation of molecules
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| chemical reaction | process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules
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| chemical reactivity | the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other
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| chesion | intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water;
responsible for surface tension
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| compound | substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
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| chemical bond | type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms
when electrons are shared between atoms
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| dissociation | release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an
ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH
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| electrolyte | necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
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| electron configuration | arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example,
1s22s22p6)
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| electron orbital | how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an
electron is most likely to be found
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| electron transfer | movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of
ionic bonds
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| electronegativity | ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring
partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen
atoms
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| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron
orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit
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| element | one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each
element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
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| enantiomers | molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the
atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
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| equilibrium | steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical
reactions in a closed system
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| evaporation | separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a
plant, or the skin of an organism
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| functional group | group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
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| geometric isomer | isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms
alongside a double covalent bond
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| heat of vaporization of water | high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water
vapor
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| hydrocarbon | molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
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| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly
negatively charged atoms in other molecules
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| hydrophilic | describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as
water
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| hydrophobic | describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar
molecules such as water
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| inert gas | (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
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| ionic bond | chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
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| Ion | atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons
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| irreversible chemical reaction | chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to
form products
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| isomers | molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
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| isotope | one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
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| law of mass action | chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the
concentration of the reacting substances
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| litmus paper | (also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that
changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator
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| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space
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| molecule | two or more atoms chemically bonded together
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| neutron | uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu
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| noble gas | see inert gas
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| nonpolar covalent bond | type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are
shared equally between them
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| nucleus | core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
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| octet rule | rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells
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| orbital | region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons
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| organic molecule | any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
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| pH paper | see litmus paper
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| pH scale | scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution
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| periodic table | organizational chart of elements indicating the atomic number and atomic mass of
each element; provides key information about the properties of the elements
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| polar covalent bond | type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons,
resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule
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| product | molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation
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| proton | positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu and a
charge of +1
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| radioisotope | isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable
elements
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| reactant | molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation
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| reversible chemical reaction | chemical reaction that functions bi-directionally, where products
may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough
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| solvent | substance capable of dissolving another substance
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| specific heat capacity | the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change
its temperature by one degree Celsius
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| sphere of hydration | when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus
keeping them dissolved and in solution
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| structural isomers | molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their
chemical bonds
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| substituted hydrocarbon | hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in
place of one of the backbone carbons
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| surface tension | tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from
separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid
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| valence shell | outermost shell of an atom
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| van der Waals interaction | very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges
attracting atoms that are very close together
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