Ultimate AP Biology vocab
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| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
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| channel protein | A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.
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| character | A heritable feature that varies among individuals.
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| character displacement | Tendency of characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations than allopatric populations.
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| chemiosmosis | Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.
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| chemiosmosis | When energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane which is used to drive cellular work.
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| chemoautotrophs | Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.
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| chiasmata | X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.
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| chitin | Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
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| chlorophyll | Green pigment located within the chloroplasts.
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| chlorophyll a | Only pigment that can participate directly in the light reactions.
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| chloroplasts | Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
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| cholesterol | Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.
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| chondrocytes | Cells that secrete cartilage.
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion.
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| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome.
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| chromatin | The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins.
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| chromatin | The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins.
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| chromosome theory of inheritance | According to this theory, genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.
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| chromosomes | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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| chromosomes | Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
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| circadian rhythm | A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
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| circadian rhythms | The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.
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| citric acid cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
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| clade | A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.
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| cladistics | A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.
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| cladogram | Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics.
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| classical conditioning | An arbitrary stimulus is associated with an award or punishment.
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| cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically.
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| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
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| climate | Prevailing weather conditions of an area.
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| cline | A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis.
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| clone | An identical genetically individual of the parent
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| cloning | Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism.
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| cloning vector | DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there.
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| clumped dispersion | The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches.
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| cocci | Spherical bacteria.
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| codominance | When which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote.
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| codons | mRNA base triplets.
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| coefficient of relatedness | Probability that if two individuals share common parent or ancestor, a particular gene present in one will be present in other.
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| coenzyme | If the cofactor is an organic molecule.
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| coevolution | Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species.
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| cofactor | Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.
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| cognition | The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors.
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| cognitive maps | An internal representation of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.
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| cohesion | Water molecules sticking to each other.
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| cohort | A group of individuals of the same age.
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| coleoptile | Covers and protects the shoot as it grows upward.
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| collagenous fibers | Fibers made of collagen.
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| colonies | Collections of autonomously replicating cells.
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| columnar epithelium | Cells shaped like bricks standing on end.
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| commensalism | Interaction between species that benefits one but neither helps or harms the other. (+/0)
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| communication | Signals among animals that include sounds, odors, visual displays, and touches that produce responses.
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| community | All species that inhabit an area.
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| comparative embryology | Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.
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| competitive exclusion. | Strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species
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| Competitive Exclusion Principle | Two species competing for same limiting resource cannot coexist in one place; one species will have an advantage that will eventually lead to competitive exclusion
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| competitive inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.
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| complement system | A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.
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| complementary DNA (cDNA) | DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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| complete dominance | When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
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| complete flower | A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
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| concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
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| conformer | An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.
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| conjugation | In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
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| connective tissue | Tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues.
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| conservation biology | Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity.
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| contractile vacuoles | A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
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| control elements | segments of noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genes that help regulate transcription by binding to certain proteins.
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| cooperativity | It amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.
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| corpus callosum | Nerves that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
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| cotransport | The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
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| countercurrent heat exchanger | In ectotherms, a circulatory adaptation that is an arrangement of blood vessels that warm or cool the blood.
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| crenation | This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.
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| cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
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| critical load | The amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem.
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| crossing over | Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments.
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| crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
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| cryptic coloration | Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.
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| cubiodal epithelium | Dice-shaped cells.
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| culture | A system of information transfer through influential social learning or teaching.
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| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger.
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| cyclic photophosphorolation | Only Photosystem I works. ATP is made, no oxygen is produced, no water is split, no NADPH is made.
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| cystic fibrosis | A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.
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| cytogenetic maps | A chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.
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| cytokines | Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain.
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| cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
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| cytokinins | A class of plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance.
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| cytolysis | This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.
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| cytoplasm | The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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| cytoplasmic determinants | Maternal substances in egg that influence the course of early development.
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| cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
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| cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.
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| cytosol | The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.
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| cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells" | T cells that directly attack infecting organisms; these cells attack antigen labeled foreign or host tissue.
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| daily torpor | in small mammals and birds, daily lowering of metabolism that allows them to survive on stored energy
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| day-neutral plant | A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod.
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| de-etiolation | The changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to sunlight; also known informally as greening.
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| decent with modification | Darwin's way of referring to evolution.
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| dehydration synthesis | Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.
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| deletion | A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.
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| demographic transition | Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate.
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| demography | Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.
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| denaturation I | n proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.
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| dendrites | Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
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| density dependent inhibition | The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another.
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| density-dependent regulation | When birth or death rates do change with population density.
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| density-independent regulation | When birth or death rates do not change with population density.
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| depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
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| determination | The point during development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate due to cytoplasmic effects or to induction by neighboring cells.
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| detritivores | Obtain energy from detritus.
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| detritus | Nonliving organic maters such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, dead wood.
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| diacylglycerol (DAG) | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.
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| dialysis | The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.
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| differential gene expression | The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.
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| diffusion | When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.
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| digestion | To break apart.
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| dihybrids Parents that are heterozygous for two characters. | Parents that are heterozygous for two characters.
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| dioecious | If staminate and carpellate flowers are on different plants.
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| diploid cell | Has two sets of chromosomes.
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| directional selection | Shift toward a favorable variation.
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| discrete characteristics | Characteristics that are classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus.
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| dispersal | Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.
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| dispersion | Pattern of spacing among individuals.
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| disruptive selection | Shift toward the extremes.
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| disturbance | An event, such as storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing or human activity, that changes a community and alters resource availability.
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| disulphide bridges | Reinforce tertiary structure.
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| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
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| DNA methylation | The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
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| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.
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| DNA sequencing | Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA.
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| domains | Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins.
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| dominant allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
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| dominant species | Species that are the most abundant or have the most biomass.
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| dopamine | Important neurotransmitter in the CNS that acts on the sympathetic nervous system.
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| dormancy | A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development.
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| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
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| Downs Syndrome | A congenital disorder caused by having an extra Chromosome 21.
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| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
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| dynamic stability hypothesis | Long food chains are less stable than short chains.
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| ecological footprint | Land and water area appropriated by each nation as a resource to consume or to absorb the waste it generates.
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| ecological niche | Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources.
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| ecological succession | Gradual recolonization of a disturbed area; species replaced by other species which are replaced by other species.
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| ecology . | Study of interactions between organisms and the environment
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| ecosystem | Consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact.
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| ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on external surface of host.
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| edocrine glands | Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
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| effector cells | Muscle cells or gland cells that carry out the body's response to stimuli.
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| elastic fibers | Fibers made of elastin.
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| electrochemical gradient | The combination of forces that acts on membrane potential.
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| electronegativity | Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.
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| electroporation | A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter.
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| elicitors | A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response
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| emigration | Movement out of population. Decreases population size.
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| enantiomers | Structures that are like a mirror-image.
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| endangered species | Species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
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| endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
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| endocrine signaling | Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.
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| endocrine system | The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity.
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| endocytosis | Occurs when a cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
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| endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
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| endoparasites | Parasites that live within the body of their host.
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| endorphins | Natural analgesics that decrease pain perception.
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| endosperm | In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
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| endospore | A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
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| endosymbiotic theory | Ancestors of mitochondria and plastids was prokaryotes that came to live in a host cell.
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| endothermic | Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.
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| energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
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| energy hypothesis | Length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer.
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| enhancer | A DNA segment containing multiple control elements that can recognize certain transcription factors that stimulate the transcription of nearby genes.
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| enteric division | One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder.
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| entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness.
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| enzymatic activity | A protein built into the membrane with active site exposed.
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| enzyme | A catalytic protein.
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| enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:
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| epigenetic inheritance | Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
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| epinephrine | Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
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| episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome.
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| epithelial tissue | Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
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| epitope | Small, accessible portion of an antigen that can be recognized.
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| equatorial-polar gradients | Species diversity highest at equator, decreases toward poles.
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| Erwin Chargaff | Discovered that DNA composition varies, but the amount of adenine is always the same as thymine and the amount of cytosine is always the same as guanine.
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| estivation | Summer torpor. Enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies.
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| ethology | The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in natural environments.
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| ethylene | The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.
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