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UltimateAPpart2
Ultimate AP Biology vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| channel protein | A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel. |
| character | A heritable feature that varies among individuals. |
| character displacement | Tendency of characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations than allopatric populations. |
| chemiosmosis | Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP. |
| chemiosmosis | When energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane which is used to drive cellular work. |
| chemoautotrophs | Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light. |
| chiasmata | X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred. |
| chitin | Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. |
| chlorophyll | Green pigment located within the chloroplasts. |
| chlorophyll a | Only pigment that can participate directly in the light reactions. |
| chloroplasts | Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| cholesterol | Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones. |
| chondrocytes | Cells that secrete cartilage. |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. |
| chromatin | The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins. |
| chromatin | The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins. |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | According to this theory, genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes. |
| chromosomes | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
| chromosomes | Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. |
| circadian rhythm | A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues. |
| circadian rhythms | The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species. |
| citric acid cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. |
| clade | A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| cladistics | A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa. |
| cladogram | Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics. |
| classical conditioning | An arbitrary stimulus is associated with an award or punishment. |
| cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically. |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| climate | Prevailing weather conditions of an area. |
| cline | A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis. |
| clone | An identical genetically individual of the parent |
| cloning | Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism. |
| cloning vector | DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. |
| clumped dispersion | The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches. |
| cocci | Spherical bacteria. |
| codominance | When which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote. |
| codons | mRNA base triplets. |
| coefficient of relatedness | Probability that if two individuals share common parent or ancestor, a particular gene present in one will be present in other. |
| coenzyme | If the cofactor is an organic molecule. |
| coevolution | Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species. |
| cofactor | Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. |
| cognition | The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors. |
| cognitive maps | An internal representation of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings. |
| cohesion | Water molecules sticking to each other. |
| cohort | A group of individuals of the same age. |
| coleoptile | Covers and protects the shoot as it grows upward. |
| collagenous fibers | Fibers made of collagen. |
| colonies | Collections of autonomously replicating cells. |
| columnar epithelium | Cells shaped like bricks standing on end. |
| commensalism | Interaction between species that benefits one but neither helps or harms the other. (+/0) |
| communication | Signals among animals that include sounds, odors, visual displays, and touches that produce responses. |
| community | All species that inhabit an area. |
| comparative embryology | Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies. |
| competitive exclusion. | Strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | Two species competing for same limiting resource cannot coexist in one place; one species will have an advantage that will eventually lead to competitive exclusion |
| competitive inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. |
| complement system | A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. |
| complementary DNA (cDNA) | DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. |
| complete dominance | When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. |
| complete flower | A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. |
| concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. |
| conformer | An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes. |
| conjugation | In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. |
| connective tissue | Tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues. |
| conservation biology | Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity. |
| contractile vacuoles | A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell. |
| control elements | segments of noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genes that help regulate transcription by binding to certain proteins. |
| cooperativity | It amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates. |
| corpus callosum | Nerves that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
| cotransport | The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient. |
| countercurrent heat exchanger | In ectotherms, a circulatory adaptation that is an arrangement of blood vessels that warm or cool the blood. |
| crenation | This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe. |
| cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
| critical load | The amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem. |
| crossing over | Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments. |
| crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. |
| cryptic coloration | Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot. |
| cubiodal epithelium | Dice-shaped cells. |
| culture | A system of information transfer through influential social learning or teaching. |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger. |
| cyclic photophosphorolation | Only Photosystem I works. ATP is made, no oxygen is produced, no water is split, no NADPH is made. |
| cystic fibrosis | A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| cytogenetic maps | A chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope. |
| cytokines | Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain. |
| cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. |
| cytokinins | A class of plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance. |
| cytolysis | This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death. |
| cytoplasm | The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| cytoplasmic determinants | Maternal substances in egg that influence the course of early development. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents. |
| cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. |
| cytosol | The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes. |
| cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells" | T cells that directly attack infecting organisms; these cells attack antigen labeled foreign or host tissue. |
| daily torpor | in small mammals and birds, daily lowering of metabolism that allows them to survive on stored energy |
| day-neutral plant | A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod. |
| de-etiolation | The changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to sunlight; also known informally as greening. |
| decent with modification | Darwin's way of referring to evolution. |
| dehydration synthesis | Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule. |
| deletion | A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed. |
| demographic transition | Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate. |
| demography | Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. |
| denaturation I | n proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
| dendrites | Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons. |
| density dependent inhibition | The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another. |
| density-dependent regulation | When birth or death rates do change with population density. |
| density-independent regulation | When birth or death rates do not change with population density. |
| depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. |
| determination | The point during development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate due to cytoplasmic effects or to induction by neighboring cells. |
| detritivores | Obtain energy from detritus. |
| detritus | Nonliving organic maters such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, dead wood. |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. |
| dialysis | The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| differential gene expression | The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome. |
| diffusion | When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy. |
| digestion | To break apart. |
| dihybrids Parents that are heterozygous for two characters. | Parents that are heterozygous for two characters. |
| dioecious | If staminate and carpellate flowers are on different plants. |
| diploid cell | Has two sets of chromosomes. |
| directional selection | Shift toward a favorable variation. |
| discrete characteristics | Characteristics that are classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus. |
| dispersal | Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin. |
| dispersion | Pattern of spacing among individuals. |
| disruptive selection | Shift toward the extremes. |
| disturbance | An event, such as storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing or human activity, that changes a community and alters resource availability. |
| disulphide bridges | Reinforce tertiary structure. |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. |
| DNA methylation | The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule. |
| DNA sequencing | Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA. |
| domains | Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins. |
| dominant allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. |
| dominant species | Species that are the most abundant or have the most biomass. |
| dopamine | Important neurotransmitter in the CNS that acts on the sympathetic nervous system. |
| dormancy | A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development. |
| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| Downs Syndrome | A congenital disorder caused by having an extra Chromosome 21. |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue. |
| dynamic stability hypothesis | Long food chains are less stable than short chains. |
| ecological footprint | Land and water area appropriated by each nation as a resource to consume or to absorb the waste it generates. |
| ecological niche | Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources. |
| ecological succession | Gradual recolonization of a disturbed area; species replaced by other species which are replaced by other species. |
| ecology . | Study of interactions between organisms and the environment |
| ecosystem | Consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact. |
| ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on external surface of host. |
| edocrine glands | Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. |
| effector cells | Muscle cells or gland cells that carry out the body's response to stimuli. |
| elastic fibers | Fibers made of elastin. |
| electrochemical gradient | The combination of forces that acts on membrane potential. |
| electronegativity | Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond. |
| electroporation | A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter. |
| elicitors | A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response |
| emigration | Movement out of population. Decreases population size. |
| enantiomers | Structures that are like a mirror-image. |
| endangered species | Species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. |
| endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |
| endocrine signaling | Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body. |
| endocrine system | The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity. |
| endocytosis | Occurs when a cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| endoparasites | Parasites that live within the body of their host. |
| endorphins | Natural analgesics that decrease pain perception. |
| endosperm | In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. |
| endospore | A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. |
| endosymbiotic theory | Ancestors of mitochondria and plastids was prokaryotes that came to live in a host cell. |
| endothermic | Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism. |
| energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |
| energy hypothesis | Length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer. |
| enhancer | A DNA segment containing multiple control elements that can recognize certain transcription factors that stimulate the transcription of nearby genes. |
| enteric division | One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder. |
| entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. |
| enzymatic activity | A protein built into the membrane with active site exposed. |
| enzyme | A catalytic protein. |
| enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: |
| epigenetic inheritance | Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence. |
| epinephrine | Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. |
| episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome. |
| epithelial tissue | Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. |
| epitope | Small, accessible portion of an antigen that can be recognized. |
| equatorial-polar gradients | Species diversity highest at equator, decreases toward poles. |
| Erwin Chargaff | Discovered that DNA composition varies, but the amount of adenine is always the same as thymine and the amount of cytosine is always the same as guanine. |
| estivation | Summer torpor. Enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies. |
| ethology | The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in natural environments. |
| ethylene | The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening. |
Created by:
ssteuter
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