characteristics of modern mammalian integument
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| Dermis | Middle layer of skin, consists of collagenous connective tissue, holds other components together, cushions body, contains: sensory nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
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| Epidermis | Top layer of skin, consists of: stratum corneum (top keratinized skin cells to prevent dessication), stratum lucidum (usually where exposed to lot abrasion), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (constant cell production migrates up)
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| Hypodermis | Bottom layer of skin, contains: adipocytes (energy reserve, thermoregulation/ insulation)
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| Sebaceous glands | oil, associated with hair follicles to keep moist and waterproof
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| sweat glands | Eccrine: not associated with hair, function at birth, produce thin sweat for evaporative cooling, most common on palms and soles, Apocrine: near hair follicles, begin at puberty, create viscous sweat,
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| scent glands | modified sweat or sebaceous glands, produce scents may be pheromonal, not all pheromones from scent glands
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| Mammary glands | specialized epidermal, # and location vary through different species
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| Hair growth types | Angora: continuous growth, long may be shed
Definitive: grows to certain length and stops, shed and replaced
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| Hair functional type: Vibrissae | : long, stiff, enervation at base, all mammals but humans, definitive
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| Hair functional type: Guard hair | outer layer hair/fur, spines (large & stiff for protection, definitive), bristles (firm, angora, manes lions and horse), awns (most common, definitive)
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| Hair functional type: Underhair | Wool: angora, thick, soft, curly, Fur: short, soft, hairs close together, definitive, Velli: short, fine, velvety, gone after birth for many, gone as mature
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| Hair anatomy | Medulla: center of hair, sometimes hollow, solid, alternating, Cortex: thickest layer, outside medulla, inside cuticle, Cuticle: outer layer, scale-like pattern, can be ID character
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| Hair color | 2 types melanin pigment: Pheomelanin (shades red & yellow), Eumelanin (shades black & brown), Albinism: no pigment from genetic mutation, Melanism: all black from genetic mutation, pigments secreted at base of hair as develop
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| Hair color patterns | Agouti: different bands of color from base to tip, Countershading: top and bottom animal different colors (most common in (semi)arboreal), Cryptic coloration: match habitat, Disruptive coloration: spots/ stripes break up outline of animal, warning colors
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| Molt | Periodic replacement of definitive growth, Post-juvenile (once), annual (once/year), seasonal (commonly 2X/year often with color change), generally done over weeks
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